Organizations across the world aim at achieving quality and efficiency. Hospitals are not left out of this bracket, making it an important aspect for the nurses to perform by the hospital’s objectives and goals (Saunders, 2010). For this to be accomplished, a chief nursing officer has to come into play....
Introduction Similar to other sectors, the health care sector has experienced numerous transformations over the years attributable to changes in technology. Despite the fact that technology benefits nursing practitioners in many ways, it has also been blamed for creating a complex operating environment. Typically, a patient admitted into a hospital...
Advanced Practice Nursing Role in the South University Clinical professionals play a critical role in ensuring high-quality healthcare delivery to patients across the world. They maintain high standards of primary care that entail physical, psychological, and emotional well-being of the patients. In various hospital setups, role and setting of the...
Increase the proportion of nurses with a baccalaureate degree to 80% by 2020 The individuals in the academic field of nursing need to work in collaboration with all the schools that offer nursing education. The increase in nurses is projected to range between 50 percent and 80 percent by the...
Overview The African American cultural group is constituted of individuals of African ancestry, raised and residing in the U.S. It was through slavery that many African Americans were enslaved and moved to America against their wish. In the early years, these cultural groups were restricted from assuming active roles in...
The quality of nurses’ training plays the crucial part in the health care system. Nowadays nursing education implies numerous tests’ completing and essays writing, that are aimed at monitoring students’ knowledge level (Halstead, & Frank, 2010). However, one should note that this kind of work does not contribute to the...
Introduction The world of nursing is faced with a lot of challenges that keep on emerging every day. Some of these challenges subject nurses to ethical and professional dilemmas. Nursing practices that raise ethical dilemmas require caution since the professionalism of the nurses is put into question. For many years,...
The major human resources (HR) management skills include organization, negotiation, problem solving coupled with conflict management, communication, and the ability to multitask. The human resources department is tasked with addressing the employees’ issues together with the hiring of new workers. Therefore, the success of any company or institution largely depends...
Nursing Philosophy Main concept of Philosophy Project significance Holistic care The main concept of the philosophy is proactive patient engagement for ideal healthcare provision (Fielding & Briss, 2006). This philosophy will aid in addressing the nursing care actions that will be applied to create a complete intervention plan for the...
Sample Murrells, Robinson, and Griffiths (2008) choose the following sample for their study: they focus on “all qualifiers from the adult, child, and mental health branches of the diploma program in England in 1997/98” (p. 3). At first, Murrells et al. have to elaborate the information about 986 child figures,...
A widespread belief in nursing education and practice is that nursing practice should be holistic, and patient centered. Consequently, there is a focus among nurses to promote patient-centered care supported with holistic nursing. In this regard, holistic care should promote values, the right to self-fulfillment, culture, and quality of care...
Overview African Americans are the second-largest ethnic minority in the United States of America. The African Americans trace their ancestry to slaves from Africa to the U.S in the 18th and 19th centuries. The African Americans are not limited to African racial descent only; through intermarriages, they also comprise of...
The practice of nursing is very demanding compared to other careers. In most cases, nurses are called upon to provide patient care in hospitals and homes. For this reason, nurses must be committed to provide quality healthcare. This paper will assess qualities that make a nurse to be competent. Personal...
The nursing profession is guided by a set of core values that nurses are expected to observe to deliver professional quality care to patients. These core values include professionalism, integrity, compassionate care, excellence, communication and collaboration, nursing knowledge, diversity and inclusion, and life-long learning. Nurses should inculcate core values into...
Introduction Nurses are important personnel in the health care industry. However, some problems occur while offering patient care despite nurses trying to avoid them. Such difficulties could be caused by many factors and lead to medical costs skyrocketing (Sherman & Pross, 2010). Some of the causative aspects include medication errors...
Preventing a disease is traditionally considered easier than addressing the emerging health concerns; therefore, logically, it is most reasonable to put the emphasis on health maintenance and disease prevention, which has recently become the focus of the present-day nursing service. Over the past few years, a number of models allowing...
Introducing the role model is essential for the career development of future nurses while cultivating particular characteristics such as confidence (Klunklin et al., 2011). I am glad that I have chosen nursing as a path for my career development. Nonetheless, I have considered dentistry as a potential career. The administrative...
Introduction The primary role of the nurses is to provide an optimal care to both the inpatients and the outpatients. This form of a healthcare commitment within the highly sensitive areas often requires the nurses to remain alert and vigilant in the hospitals throughout their working durations (Carayon & Gurses,...
Introduction Genomics refers to the study of the assembly, organization, role, and evolution of an organism’s genome. Genetic research, particularly the Human Genome Project, has revealed a lot about the genetic mechanisms of common diseases like diabetes, stroke, and cancers. It has also generated “new gene-based technologies” for disease diagnosis...
Improper Access of Patient Information Nurses are expected to adhere to several ethical and legal requirements in their professional roles, including the need to protect and maintain patients’ privacy and confidentiality. Thus, the nurse acted in an improper manner by accessing confidential patient data in another unit of the facility....
Being the type of social services that is completely indispensable for the regular functioning of any type of society and the satisfaction of its members, nursing has recently become the number one source of concern for the residents and the authorities of the United States. Because of the shortage among...
Introduction Butts and Rich (2010) believe that “healthcare is one of the most critical human needs” (p. 28). Many governments across the globe use powerful frameworks and policies to ensure their citizens receive quality health support. Such governments attract different players and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to have stable health delivery...
Introduction Nursing is one of the fundamental components of the medical profession. This arises from the fact that it contributes towards improvement in the patients’ wellbeing and that of their families. However, nurses are faced with numerous ethical dilemma cases that make the profession very challenging. Some of the ethical...
Introduction Nursing surveillance is a procedure aimed at determining safety risks to patient’s health by means of focused attainment, understanding, and analysis of information for medical decision-making (Kelly & Vincent, 2011). Other than the physical actions linked with provision of nursing care, nurses use their expertise, instincts, and early detection...
Summary Six health practitioners, namely, Mary Baker, Lyn Lednik, Karen Sullivan, Lucy O’Quinn, Marylyn Pointer, and Carolyn Smith authored an article, called Is Self-Administration of Subcutaneous Immunoglobulin Therapy Safe in a Home Care Setting. All of them were from the Home Healthcare Nurses group (HHC). The article goes through the...
Abstract This article explains what is entailed in nursing together with my personal philosophy in regard to this issue. Furthermore, it focuses on my views on the nursing career and its importance in society. This paper further examines the reasons for the need to train more nurses today since it...
Problem/Background Nurses all over the world are tasked with the responsibility of taking care of sick people both in hospitals and at-home care settings. Many researchers and scholars have shown that nurses are very important in society. However, the nurses have been overburdened with duties. Such workload can be attributed...
Abstract Philosophy is the process of understanding the fundamental ideas around human nature and their environment. The discipline is applied in different areas of nursing, including education, research, and administration. The nursing personal philosophy discussed in this paper is parallel to Florence Nightingale’s philosophy, which was deeply enshrined in promoting...
During the hospital admissions whether for in-patient or out-patient, the nurses have to provide care to the patient. The way the caregivers respond to the patient’s concerns determines the acceptance of the patient. It is critical to provide physical, emotional, mental, and spiritual care. At the onset of any medical...
According to Talley, Thorgrimson, and Robinson (2013), there is an urgent need for a high level of preparedness among the Chief Nursing Officers (CNOs) due to the rising number of children who stay in hospitals for too long after admission. The authors emphasize that CNOs should heed the call for...
Introduction One of the main issues in defining nurse practitioners’’ (NP) roles in the mental health area have to do with the fact that, whereas the scope of nursing responsibilities continues to be perceived through the lenses of the euro-centric (symptom-eliminating) paradigm of healthcare, this state of affairs no longer...
This study employs a qualitative research approach with the view to identifying the extent to which chief executive officers and chief nursing officers in American health institutions are engaged in ensuring quality and patient safety at the leadership and governance level, and also how chief nursing officers can support board...
Background Patient falls after sedation is a significant part of nursing care (Oliver, Healey & Haines, 2010). Given that the nurses spend more time with patients, they hold the key to addressing the clinical problem related to patient falls. Patient falls after sedation is a common occurrence in most institutions....
Introduction Over the years, allopathic medicine has achieved a lot in terms of introducing successful methods and procedures for disease treatment and eradication. In most cases, the use of various scientific methods such as surgery and pharmacologic treatment options have seen the prevention and elimination of dangerous diseases through studying,...
Introduction A case management model in care delivery integrates provider and patient satisfaction. A case management model provides an approach for managing the health concerns of people and offering cost-effective services. Nurses use the case management approaches to decrease fragmentation, optimize care given to clients, provide clients with quality life,...
Introduction Many nations are characterized by different ethnic groups. Such groups have unique cultural values, social norms, and religious practices. This scenario creates a sense of diversity. Lum (2013) believes that “diversity might affect the provision of culturally-competent health care” (p. 25). Many ethnic minorities tend to get inadequate medical...
Introduction I am a community health nurse, and I have worked in this field for the past five years. In addition to offering nursing services to the community, I also involve myself in offering hospice care in one of the sites. I have worked in hospice care for the past...
Introduction Concerns about improving care at the end of life began to surface as far back as the 1950s. Clark (2002) states that while the decades before were characterized by a fatalistic resignation of the doctor, the following decades adopted an active approach where new and imaginative ways to continue...
A nursing career is widely adopted by millions of young people throughout the world. Despite it presenting a rewarding sphere, the healthcare sector reveals a vast number of challenges that have to be overtaken by nursing students. Three significant barriers engraved my attempts to become a professional nurse. These are...
Introduction In four sections, this paper evaluates Watson’s transpersonal caring model by describing its key concepts, evaluating its main assumptions, and understanding how it applies to the nursing practice. Within the same framework, this paper explores the criticisms surrounding the theory, investigates how its concepts relate to one another; and...
The purpose of this essay is to highlight the roles of Family Nurse Practitioners in hospital settings and community health care centers. A Family Nurse Practitioner offers evidence-based care to patients in different healthcare facilities. A Family Nurse Practitioner offers the best care to every patient. The practice improves patient...
Research is vital to nursing because it is mainly used to come up with improved methods of caring for patients in what is commonly known as evidence-based practice (EBP) nursing in the contemporary society. Research refers to a systematic inquiry that adopts scientific methodologies to answer the inquiry. This paper...
Any nurse may look for a way to become a confident advocate as long as s/he has interests in influencing the process of policymaking. Methods of involvement range from writing simple letters, calling the involved parties, or holding a public office through an election. Some of the health care policies...
Introduction Nurses and Advanced Role Practitioners (ARP) in nursing work hard in order to improve the quality of healthcare in many organizations. Nurses should promote the quality and level of clinical practice, education, primary care, and research. Nurse Practitioners are advanced-practice caregivers in the United States (Iglehart, 2013). These professional...
Several solutions can play a significant role towards dealing with the problem of nurse understaffing. The first solution entails the use of nurse aids and volunteers. Keenan and Kennedy (2003) argue that “nurses should be intrinsically-empowered to provide quality health support” (p. 6). They can also volunteer in order to...
Definition of Statement Although the recent technological innovations did provide for more opportunities in communication between nursing specialist and their patients, including better chances for providing healthcare services remotely and offering guided assistance to the patients, the basic structure of the doctor-to-patient communication system has not been changed over the...
Employers and employees usually have different interests and ideology towards work. As a result, it is imminent for these two parties to agree upon specific terms and conditions that regulate their work relationship to ensure that work is conducted in an effective and efficient manner. Collective bargaining is an approach...
Introduction Nursing leadership and management have become a solution to matters of continued quality improvement and patient care practice. In quality improvement and patient practice, the key driving force for successful and sustainable quality improvement depends on how change is incorporated and implemented. The responsible agents for driving these changes...
Continuous quality improvement (CQI) for healthcare practice is a prerequisite for augmented patients’ outcomes. However, adopting optimal services and procedures has never been attained (Weston & Roberts, 2013). Each time an objective is accomplished, a new and a higher goal is set to ensure the best results. As such, organizational...
The nursing profession is subject to a variety of rules and regulations that are enforceable by various stakeholders including the government. In addition, nurses are guided through their practice by a code of ethics. These two forces (ethics and the law) are prominent features in the activities of any nursing...
When it comes to the trustworthiness and validity of the quantitative and qualitative research, it is essential to focus on such concepts as credibility, confirmability, transferability, and dependability. These concepts are manifested in the analysis of the size of sample, representativeness of the sample, soundness of procedures (including the experiment...
Did Ms. Robaczynski kill Mr. Gessner I believe that Robaczynski killed Mr. Gessner. I believe so since whatever she did does not relate to a case of mercy killing. The patient or the family members of the patient must be consulted before such proactive measures are made. Medical practitioners are...
Introduction and Background The nursing profession is critical to the advancement of positive health outcomes. Nurses play a crucial role in the health sector; they provide direct care in hospitals. Across the globe, the need for nurses has been on the increase. This is against the backdrop of nursing faculty...
Type of organization Santa Paula Hospital is a fully fledged healthcare center within the region of Santa Clara Valley. The hospital services such as infection control, ICU, pediatric unit, oncology unit, surgical services, neonatal ICU, and full time acute care among others. Number of clients it serves The hospital has...
Introduction: The Concept of the Multisystemic Fall Prevention Model Despite being a seemingly basic problem that does not need to be spelled out compared to other topical issues, such as obesity or diabetes, falls still remain the cause of a range of injuries, especially among the elderly population (Shever, Titler,...
Strategies and/or Powers used to assure a Busy Legislator Will Consider Information In strategies, I can write letters or make calls to the legislator to draw his attention to the underlying problem involving nurse-patient ratios in the hope of influencing his vote. As a nurse, I can also work with...
Introduction In nursing and healthcare settings, sentinel events are described as significant unexpected negative outcomes that point to potential flaws or discrepancies in care provision (Connelly, 2012). These events are caused by factors such as medical errors, incapacity or unwillingness to follow health practices, poor communication, and weak or unclear...
Introduction The issue of how the alignment of nurses’ values and the organizational core ideologies can affect the performance of the practitioners has attracted vast concern. Researchers and scholars seek to determine how the alignment of these values or the lack of consistency can affect the quality of care provided....
Middle-range theories aid nurses in bridging the gap between nursing practice and grand theories. Since grand theories are broad in scope, remote from empirical findings, and complex in abstraction, middle-range theories narrow down the scope, enhance proximity to empirical findings, and simplify abstraction (Jaarsma, Riegel, & Stromberg, 2012). In the...
Weeks one to four have been productive and rich in gaining new knowledge in different areas of nursing. For example, during the first week I have learned a lot of new information about time management, or as it is also called self-management. I have found that I am good at...
Summary The study uses a pretest/post-test research design, with the aim to improve the quality of care provided by nurses to patients presenting in emergency department (ED) settings with acute stroke, particularly by facilitating the utilization of evidence-based practices on prevention of early complications. Using a total of 104 patient...
Introduction It is imperative to note that the role of evidence-based practice has been increasing over the years, and many organizations are determined to develop systems that are based on this approach. Also, it is necessary to mention that the patient should also be able to participate in the process...
Leadership traits and styles in today’s health care organizations Leadership has been defined as the ability of a person to influence other people to do things that they would not have done without the influence. People with this ability are referred to as leaders. Leaders are found in different settings...
Background information Ethical and moral debates on euthanasia have emerged in the last couple of decades. Pro-euthanasia campaigners consider the process ethical because it alleviates suffering, emotional anguish and prevents the accumulation of hospital bills. However, other groups find the process unethical because it contradicts the professionals’ Hippocratic Oath. Nurses...
Obesity remains a major challenge affecting many citizens in the United States (Akresh, 2010). Bermudez and Tucker (2011) believe strongly that “obesity is a risk factor for different conditions such as diabetes, stroke, and cardiovascular disease” (p. 446). The targeted aggregate for this exercise is comprised of many Hispanics aged...
Introduction Organizational change “is relevant towards promoting the best practices” (Hussain, Rivers, Glovert, & Fottler, 2012, p. 43). Such a change will ensure every health institution provides quality services to its patients. Our health organization is facing a major problem. I have collaborated with my Nurse Leader (NL) to identify...
Introduction In the contemporary world, some deaths occur due to recklessness occasioned by medical errors. Despite the efforts to guarantee quality health care and reform the current systems in the healthcare sector, sentinel events and severe errors still occur. The oath of Hippocrates requires medical experts to refrain from practices...
Is the literature review comprehensive? The literature review in this article is not comprehensive. To begin with, the thesis of the research is not clear. In addition, there are no research questions that need to be answered in the literature review. The authors have not formulated questions that require research....
Obesity has become one of the greatest health risks worldwide. The Hispanics, in particular, have a higher prevalence rate in America than the white population. As obesity increases so do the prevalence of diabetes. The paper would analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the aggregate and discuss the risk assessment....
Methods of obtaining necessary approvals and support The initial step is to obtain approvals and buy-in from hospital leadership and support from fellow staff. Through leadership approval, resources would be provided to support the efforts to combat nurse shortage and secure possible changes in procedures and policies on nurse staffing....
Nursing is a dignified profession in the healthcare industry. In the past few decades, this noble profession experienced various changes regarding knowledge and practice of practitioners. The challenges faced by the contemporary nursing profession led to the formation of nursing schools and training centers. They help nurses to focus on...
Introduction The importance of hand hygiene should not be underestimated in health care settings. The need to decontaminate patients’ hands via washing has been investigated at the beginning of the 19th century. Labarraque introduced his findings proving that timely washing of hands may decrease the incidence of maternal mortality, for...
The nursing profession and nursing practices continue to change. Change is mainly driven by new technologies, further research, and inquiries, and emerging challenges in the healthcare sector. Consequently, nurses are encouraged to embrace a culture of nursing inquiry and research to support nursing excellence. Nurses therefore can question current practices...
Introduction Nursing is a profession that entails helping the needy people to achieve independence. This independence could be physical, social, or even psychological. Nursing research is critical in analyzing physical, social, and psychological problems. This analysis contributes greatly to identifying the best practice in nursing. Additionally, nursing research endeavors to...
Introduction The purpose of the study was to present the nurses’ attitudes and perceptions of their skills regarding the use of evidence-based practices in the administration of healthcare. The study also described the effects of educational preparation on evidence-based practices owing to the influence of educational development on the nurse’s...
Introduction Capstone projects enable students to conclude their work in learning institutions. They help the students reach the apex of their studies. When they make manuscripts, they expect the best out of them. It helps them to confirm their skills. The paper would provide information on the making of the...
Introduction Without a doubt, the United States is in a prolonged shortage of nursing professionals, with the trend anticipated to worsen in the coming years if interventions are not put in place by health care and policy stakeholders to address the shortage (Nardi & Gyurko, 2013). Indeed, available statistics demonstrate...
Healthcare provision is a highly professionalized trade that attracts monumental attention in terms of the transfer of training into the delivery of service. Sensitivity with which human life handlers must exercise caution in their trade makes it a thorough professional. Critics of perfect transfer of academic training find such professions...
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive analysis of a personal philosophy of nursing profession.It examines personal values and beliefs about the established metaparadigms and metatheories of nursing practice. In addition, it provides an identification and articulation of the concepts that are relevant to the registered...
Nursing is an essential practice in our societies. New changes in the wider medical practice determine the effective of nursing. It is appropriate for clinicians to develop the best nursing philosophies in order to provide evidence-based care to their patients. Caregivers can also consider every component of nursing philosophy. The...
Introduction Hypertension is one of the major global health issues and is commonly referred to as high blood pressure due to the feature of arterial blood pressure elevation. Hypertension, which is also a chronic condition is usually diagnosed when a person’s blood pressure remains above 140/90 mmHg after three blood...
Introduction HIV/AIDS is a condition that is caused by an attack on the immune system by the human immunodeficiency virus. Tyler-Viola et al., (2014) state that the conditions lead to the deterioration of the immune system, leading to an eventuality regarded as the “acquired immunodeficiency syndrome” (AIDS). Globally the disease...
Significance of gaps between literature and practice The information provided in nursing textbooks, published literature, and the hospitals’ policies and procedures all have something in common since they all outline how medical practitioners should handle patients. They all emphasize prioritizing the needs of the patients to ensure that they are...
Identifying data The family under analysis is Jose Laria. The family is composed of five members, four of whom are currently sharing one house. One of the family members, the oldest son, has left home a year ago to start living independently and is renting an apartment in the same...
A research design is a specific structure based on the certain type of investigation according to which the researcher conducts the study and tests the hypothesis. Researchers in the field of nursing should pay much attention to choosing a research design because a properly selected research design serves to test...
Nursing Theories Implementation The importance of nursing theory in the profession of nursing is crucial since it provides the theoretical foundation of the profession. Particularly, nursing theory gives a definition to the very profession of nursing and its objectives, defines nursing discipline by outlining values, ethics, goals, and beliefs, clarifies...
The five model components and the Forces of Magnetism guide organizations and nurses to attain solve nursing issues, fix nursing processes and empower nurses while focusing on stabilization (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2008). Further, these elements relate to empirical practice-based research (Messmer & Turkel, 2011), professional development (Cooper, 2009; Covell...
Research Question The research article that is chosen for analysis can be found in the international peer-reviewed journal (BMJ Quality and Safety, 2016). It investigates relations between the staffing and consumer’s safety. The authors tend to answer the questions that were not previously addressed by other researchers but tend to...
Components of a Healing Hospital: Relationship to Spirituality My philosophy as a caregiver focuses on the best health outcomes for my patients. I have been using powerful competencies to support the emotional, physical, psychological, and spiritual needs of my clients. The components of a healing hospital present powerful concepts that...
Introduction Nursing is a highly demanding profession, which entails providing skilled care to needy people who are sick, elderly, or handicapped. It is a vocation with numerous challenges mainly associated with the nature of people in need of care (Miller, 2009). One such group that creates a lot of challenges...
Health informatics is the recording and storing of data related to the patient, doctors, and the medical environment (McGonigle & Mastiran, 2015). The introduction of computers has necessitated the growth of nursing in many areas. In nursing, nurses can share information related to their profession. The patients have also benefited...
Introduction In the United States, the number of senior citizens has been on the increase. According to the United States Census Bureau (2015), 15.2% of Miami’s population comprises senior citizens aged above 65 years old. This places Miami as one of the cities in Florida with a high number of...
The scenario of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (n.d.) illustrates a situation of coordination issues at a workplace: a 60-year-old female patient who is believed to have a diverticular perforation is transported to OR, but the patient’s nurse is not informed about it, and no pre-operational protocols are...
Introduction Scholarly journals in nursing have different target audiences as well as various publication criteria. In most cases, publication criteria for articles and studies in peer-reviewed journals are similar, and they require focusing on the rigorous methodology, originality of the research, and high-quality writing. More specific criteria are developed with...
Plot prominence The Last Ship is a TV show that has given nurses a dominant role in its plot. The show features a nurse whose effort saves the entire world from a deadly virus that had threatened to wipe out the entire human race. In this show, nurses are doing...
Job description Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists have been in existence for over 150 years (Wright, McGuinness, Schumacher, Zwerling, & Moneyham, 2014). The profession started in the 1950s and it was meant to improve advanced training and to enhance specialization in anesthesia nursing. CRNAs are the primary providers of anesthesia in...
The article shows the problem of nursing shortage not only from the social but also from the economic perspective. It provides statistics to illustrate the point, discusses the reduced new graduates’ interest and suggests the models for education and nursing practice aimed to solve the problem. The information about morbidity,...
Group activity Teamwork and engagement enhancement intervention Type of group Work group. The group is authorized to complete a certain task. In this case, the task element is the focus. Group participants 32 registered nurses (RN) 2 licensed practical nurses 15 certified nursing assistants 6 unit secretaries Goals/purpose of the...
There is no doubt that a range of domains of nursing have advanced to a considerable extent over the past few decades. New theories have emerged, reinventing people’s perception of what nursing actually is and what goals a nurse is supposed to accomplish. Moreover, these concepts shape the healthcare area...
Nowadays a priority of clinics and hospitals is to improve the quality of health services provided for patients. Therefore, there is something needs to be changed in health care service, particularly at the nursing level. In order to create an appropriate workplace changes plan according to the given scenario, it...
Disciplines are discussed with references to such characteristics as domain or focus, syntax and language, history and tradition, values, theories, and educational systems. In addition, the shared knowledge, discourse, and practices are discussed as the discipline’s characteristics. Nursing as a developed professional discipline fits all the mentioned characteristics. Any discipline...
Emotional Intelligence Theory helps to understand the importance of finding a balance between emotions and intellect while making important decisions. The study conducted by Khosravi, Manafi, Hojabri, Farhadi, and Gheshm (2011) revealed that there is a strong relationship between a manager’s emotional intelligence and effective delegation, which is one of...