Background information Ethical and moral debates on euthanasia have emerged in the last couple of decades. Pro-euthanasia campaigners consider the process ethical because it alleviates suffering, emotional anguish and prevents the accumulation of hospital bills. However, other groups find the process unethical because it contradicts the professionals’ Hippocratic Oath. Nurses...
Obesity remains a major challenge affecting many citizens in the United States (Akresh, 2010). Bermudez and Tucker (2011) believe strongly that “obesity is a risk factor for different conditions such as diabetes, stroke, and cardiovascular disease” (p. 446). The targeted aggregate for this exercise is comprised of many Hispanics aged...
Introduction Organizational change “is relevant towards promoting the best practices” (Hussain, Rivers, Glovert, & Fottler, 2012, p. 43). Such a change will ensure every health institution provides quality services to its patients. Our health organization is facing a major problem. I have collaborated with my Nurse Leader (NL) to identify...
Introduction In the contemporary world, some deaths occur due to recklessness occasioned by medical errors. Despite the efforts to guarantee quality health care and reform the current systems in the healthcare sector, sentinel events and severe errors still occur. The oath of Hippocrates requires medical experts to refrain from practices...
Is the literature review comprehensive? The literature review in this article is not comprehensive. To begin with, the thesis of the research is not clear. In addition, there are no research questions that need to be answered in the literature review. The authors have not formulated questions that require research....
Obesity has become one of the greatest health risks worldwide. The Hispanics, in particular, have a higher prevalence rate in America than the white population. As obesity increases so do the prevalence of diabetes. The paper would analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the aggregate and discuss the risk assessment....
Methods of obtaining necessary approvals and support The initial step is to obtain approvals and buy-in from hospital leadership and support from fellow staff. Through leadership approval, resources would be provided to support the efforts to combat nurse shortage and secure possible changes in procedures and policies on nurse staffing....
Nursing is a dignified profession in the healthcare industry. In the past few decades, this noble profession experienced various changes regarding knowledge and practice of practitioners. The challenges faced by the contemporary nursing profession led to the formation of nursing schools and training centers. They help nurses to focus on...
Introduction The importance of hand hygiene should not be underestimated in health care settings. The need to decontaminate patients’ hands via washing has been investigated at the beginning of the 19th century. Labarraque introduced his findings proving that timely washing of hands may decrease the incidence of maternal mortality, for...
The nursing profession and nursing practices continue to change. Change is mainly driven by new technologies, further research, and inquiries, and emerging challenges in the healthcare sector. Consequently, nurses are encouraged to embrace a culture of nursing inquiry and research to support nursing excellence. Nurses therefore can question current practices...
Introduction Nursing is a profession that entails helping the needy people to achieve independence. This independence could be physical, social, or even psychological. Nursing research is critical in analyzing physical, social, and psychological problems. This analysis contributes greatly to identifying the best practice in nursing. Additionally, nursing research endeavors to...
Introduction The purpose of the study was to present the nurses’ attitudes and perceptions of their skills regarding the use of evidence-based practices in the administration of healthcare. The study also described the effects of educational preparation on evidence-based practices owing to the influence of educational development on the nurse’s...
Introduction Capstone projects enable students to conclude their work in learning institutions. They help the students reach the apex of their studies. When they make manuscripts, they expect the best out of them. It helps them to confirm their skills. The paper would provide information on the making of the...
Introduction Without a doubt, the United States is in a prolonged shortage of nursing professionals, with the trend anticipated to worsen in the coming years if interventions are not put in place by health care and policy stakeholders to address the shortage (Nardi & Gyurko, 2013). Indeed, available statistics demonstrate...
Healthcare provision is a highly professionalized trade that attracts monumental attention in terms of the transfer of training into the delivery of service. Sensitivity with which human life handlers must exercise caution in their trade makes it a thorough professional. Critics of perfect transfer of academic training find such professions...
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to develop a comprehensive analysis of a personal philosophy of nursing profession.It examines personal values and beliefs about the established metaparadigms and metatheories of nursing practice. In addition, it provides an identification and articulation of the concepts that are relevant to the registered...
Nursing is an essential practice in our societies. New changes in the wider medical practice determine the effective of nursing. It is appropriate for clinicians to develop the best nursing philosophies in order to provide evidence-based care to their patients. Caregivers can also consider every component of nursing philosophy. The...
Introduction Hypertension is one of the major global health issues and is commonly referred to as high blood pressure due to the feature of arterial blood pressure elevation. Hypertension, which is also a chronic condition is usually diagnosed when a person’s blood pressure remains above 140/90 mmHg after three blood...
Introduction HIV/AIDS is a condition that is caused by an attack on the immune system by the human immunodeficiency virus. Tyler-Viola et al., (2014) state that the conditions lead to the deterioration of the immune system, leading to an eventuality regarded as the “acquired immunodeficiency syndrome” (AIDS). Globally the disease...
Significance of gaps between literature and practice The information provided in nursing textbooks, published literature, and the hospitals’ policies and procedures all have something in common since they all outline how medical practitioners should handle patients. They all emphasize prioritizing the needs of the patients to ensure that they are...
Identifying data The family under analysis is Jose Laria. The family is composed of five members, four of whom are currently sharing one house. One of the family members, the oldest son, has left home a year ago to start living independently and is renting an apartment in the same...
A research design is a specific structure based on the certain type of investigation according to which the researcher conducts the study and tests the hypothesis. Researchers in the field of nursing should pay much attention to choosing a research design because a properly selected research design serves to test...
Nursing Theories Implementation The importance of nursing theory in the profession of nursing is crucial since it provides the theoretical foundation of the profession. Particularly, nursing theory gives a definition to the very profession of nursing and its objectives, defines nursing discipline by outlining values, ethics, goals, and beliefs, clarifies...
The five model components and the Forces of Magnetism guide organizations and nurses to attain solve nursing issues, fix nursing processes and empower nurses while focusing on stabilization (American Nurses Credentialing Center, 2008). Further, these elements relate to empirical practice-based research (Messmer & Turkel, 2011), professional development (Cooper, 2009; Covell...
Research Question The research article that is chosen for analysis can be found in the international peer-reviewed journal (BMJ Quality and Safety, 2016). It investigates relations between the staffing and consumer’s safety. The authors tend to answer the questions that were not previously addressed by other researchers but tend to...
Components of a Healing Hospital: Relationship to Spirituality My philosophy as a caregiver focuses on the best health outcomes for my patients. I have been using powerful competencies to support the emotional, physical, psychological, and spiritual needs of my clients. The components of a healing hospital present powerful concepts that...
Introduction Nursing is a highly demanding profession, which entails providing skilled care to needy people who are sick, elderly, or handicapped. It is a vocation with numerous challenges mainly associated with the nature of people in need of care (Miller, 2009). One such group that creates a lot of challenges...
Health informatics is the recording and storing of data related to the patient, doctors, and the medical environment (McGonigle & Mastiran, 2015). The introduction of computers has necessitated the growth of nursing in many areas. In nursing, nurses can share information related to their profession. The patients have also benefited...
Introduction In the United States, the number of senior citizens has been on the increase. According to the United States Census Bureau (2015), 15.2% of Miami’s population comprises senior citizens aged above 65 years old. This places Miami as one of the cities in Florida with a high number of...
The scenario of the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (n.d.) illustrates a situation of coordination issues at a workplace: a 60-year-old female patient who is believed to have a diverticular perforation is transported to OR, but the patient’s nurse is not informed about it, and no pre-operational protocols are...
Introduction Scholarly journals in nursing have different target audiences as well as various publication criteria. In most cases, publication criteria for articles and studies in peer-reviewed journals are similar, and they require focusing on the rigorous methodology, originality of the research, and high-quality writing. More specific criteria are developed with...
Plot prominence The Last Ship is a TV show that has given nurses a dominant role in its plot. The show features a nurse whose effort saves the entire world from a deadly virus that had threatened to wipe out the entire human race. In this show, nurses are doing...
Job description Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetists have been in existence for over 150 years (Wright, McGuinness, Schumacher, Zwerling, & Moneyham, 2014). The profession started in the 1950s and it was meant to improve advanced training and to enhance specialization in anesthesia nursing. CRNAs are the primary providers of anesthesia in...
The article shows the problem of nursing shortage not only from the social but also from the economic perspective. It provides statistics to illustrate the point, discusses the reduced new graduates’ interest and suggests the models for education and nursing practice aimed to solve the problem. The information about morbidity,...
Group activity Teamwork and engagement enhancement intervention Type of group Work group. The group is authorized to complete a certain task. In this case, the task element is the focus. Group participants 32 registered nurses (RN) 2 licensed practical nurses 15 certified nursing assistants 6 unit secretaries Goals/purpose of the...
There is no doubt that a range of domains of nursing have advanced to a considerable extent over the past few decades. New theories have emerged, reinventing people’s perception of what nursing actually is and what goals a nurse is supposed to accomplish. Moreover, these concepts shape the healthcare area...
Nowadays a priority of clinics and hospitals is to improve the quality of health services provided for patients. Therefore, there is something needs to be changed in health care service, particularly at the nursing level. In order to create an appropriate workplace changes plan according to the given scenario, it...
Disciplines are discussed with references to such characteristics as domain or focus, syntax and language, history and tradition, values, theories, and educational systems. In addition, the shared knowledge, discourse, and practices are discussed as the discipline’s characteristics. Nursing as a developed professional discipline fits all the mentioned characteristics. Any discipline...
Emotional Intelligence Theory helps to understand the importance of finding a balance between emotions and intellect while making important decisions. The study conducted by Khosravi, Manafi, Hojabri, Farhadi, and Gheshm (2011) revealed that there is a strong relationship between a manager’s emotional intelligence and effective delegation, which is one of...
Introduction Nursing shortage and turnover are prevalent issues facing health care institutions in the US and across the continent. Notably, the nursing shortage and turnover are not entirely nursing issue. However, it requires a collaborative effort that encompasses leadership and management so as to establish long-term solutions. No one is...
Introduction Pressure ulcers are a critical source of health care challenge because they increase patient pain and suffering, extend the length of hospital stay, and raise costs of health care provisions (Bergquist-Beringer et al., 2009). Jaul conducted a study on a pressure ulcer and observed that it was a growing...
Introduction Assistance in Dying (AID) is based on the concept of a patient’s quality of life wherein it is considered preferable to be dead rather than live a life of agony due to a debilitating condition. While this is a particularly controversial subject, there have been numerous supporters of its...
Introduction Nursing facilities should embrace the best standards to deliver quality healthcare. The targeted facility has been facing a major challenge. The level of burnout has increased in the facility. Many workers have left their jobs because of the poor working conditions. The “common causes of burnout include poor organizational...
Introduction In recent years, the shortage of academically qualified faculty available to teach in schools of nursing has taken center stage due to the realization that it is directly related to the deficiency of nurses in health care organizations (Nardi & Gyurko, 2013). The shortage of nurse faculty is also...
Available scholarship demonstrates that the contemporary nursing profession is increasingly relying on theories and conceptual frameworks to not only guide practice through describing and predicting specific behavior but also to expand concepts through research and ultimately advance knowledge for optimal nursing outcomes (Parker & Smith, 2010). Indeed, various nursing theories...
Scope of Practice The nurse practitioners’ (NPs) scope of practice follows the description of who, what, where, when, and why regarding the nursing profession at the fundamental and advanced levels (Naylor, & Kurtzman, 2010). The scope may also advance based on different specialties within the nursing practice. The nursing professionals...
Introduction According to Burns and Grove (2010), various methods have been proposed to use to expand the use of evidence based practices in healthcare care delivery. Some of the proposed methods include integrating patient values and preferences with clinical experience based on the best scientific evidence, preparing and sustaining staff...
Nurses play an important role in accomplishing The United Nations Millennium Development Goals, as their work is aimed at reducing the risks related to many of the urgent issues faced by the modern world community. Florence Nightingale’s legacy has contributed to a better understanding of the role of nurses in...
Introduction The health care industry is experiencing several changes in contemporary times. For instance, the nursing practice is evolving and nurses go beyond the expected scope of work to enhance caring. With these evolving new care practices, the health care sector should concentrate on the continuum of care by focusing...
Introduction Family nurse practitioners handle responsibilities such as those undertaken by medical doctors. They care for patients all through their family life cycles. The experts are required to undergo through a course in master’s degree before practicing. In their roles, they are expected to offer education, psychotherapy, and tests to...
Definition In order to determine the areas and principles of the personal philosophy of nursing, it is necessary to define a philosophy as “statements of enduring values and beliefs held by members of the discipline” where the statements “address the major concepts of the discipline, setting forth beliefs about what...
Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe the use and importance of standardized language in nursing, with respect to the elements of NANDA (North American Nursing Diagnosis Association), NIC (Nursing Interventions Classification), and NOC (Nursing Outcomes Classification). The paper discusses the use of these elements based on a...
Introduction One of the main roles played by caregivers is expression of compassion and empathy towards patients. This aspect of patient care is as important as medication because it plays a key role in the recuperation process. Caregivers should connect emotionally and spiritually with patients. However, caring too much for...
Introduction Nurses transform the quality of life using health care interventions, which improve nursing practice systems. Advanced practice roles ensure patient’s safety and quality assistance through various health interventions. Thus, advanced practice nurses dictate, prescribe, treat, order and, implement different health interventions and treatments. The roles of advanced nurses are...
Introduction The provision of quality and affordable health care services to patients is an indispensable aspect in the modern world. Nurse educators, practitioners and administrators have different roles that ensure they perform their duties properly. It is necessary to explain that each of these stakeholders should play their roles properly...
Introduction The role of ANP (Advanced Nurse Practitioner), behavioral/mental health care, primary care, and communication remains to be an important concept for consideration. Various researchers offer their ideas on how to integrate these issues and achieve the benefits that are crucial in a health care system. The quality of care...
Introduction Leadership is the ability to motivate, influence and direct a group of individuals towards accomplishing a specific goal. It is important to note that one doesn’t need to supervise or manage anyone to position oneself as a leader. Even young trainee nurses can start to learn and develop strong...
There is no use denying the fact that nursing plays an important role in modern society and in the life of people. Being one of the most ancient sciences in the world, it is aimed at helping people in different situations. With this in mind, it is not surprising that...
Neuman Systems Model: Rationale for Selecting the Theory The proposed solution is increasing the number of nurses in our health institution. The Neuman Systems Model is a powerful theory that can support the above solution. This theory encourages “nurses to use powerful practices that can address various health problems” (Newman,...
After the IOM recommendations on the Future of Nursing, the nursing profession is set for change and so are nurses. Specifically, recommendations 4, 5, and 6 are critical to nurse education and lifelong learning (Institute of Medicine, 2010). As a nursing student, I have noted that discourses about the support...
Ethical Dilemmas It has been acknowledged that Hispanic population in the USA is growing but the number of nurses of the same ethnic background is still very low (Peterson-Iyer, 2008). Therefore, numerous issues associated with cultural differences (as well as linguistic problems) occur. It is also important to add that...
Political history of nursing education Kenya The trends of nursing education in Kenya have been changing ever since the country became gained its independence. During the colonial period, nursing education was structured in the same way as the British system. However, in the early 1950’s nursing education system did not...
Informed Consent Letter Dear Correspondent, This is an invitation to take part in research being conducted by (name) under the supervision of (instructor) at the (institution). The main aim of the research is to get the whole impression of how a change in lifestyle such as physical activities, socialization, and...
The goal of Benner’s clinical study was to unravel the knowledge that accompanies nursing practice. Benner’s main assumption was that the “collection and record keeping of expert nurses’ perceptions, recognition abilities, meanings and characteristics, and outcomes would enable nurses to refine skills and advance their practice” (Byrkczynski, 2010). Benner’s work...
Abstract With the increasing diversity of healthcare needs, the roles of professional nurses are increasing tremendously. The professional role of advanced nurses in the healthcare sector seems to be the main solution to the increasing demands and diversity of effective care. As an MSN holder, I hope to apply my...
Introduction In any research, researchers have to use scientific measures to ensure that the targeted audience accepts the outcomes. Any dissatisfaction from the audience qualifies the outcomes as invalid, thus prompting the examiners to do another research on the subject under investigation. The development of study objectives, questions, selection of...
In the wake of the snowballing rate of illnesses in the United States, the healthcare industry has been faced with amplified costs and inappropriate nurse-patient ratios. Various politicians and lobbyists have strived to institute effective ways of administering services in accordance with healthcare staffing. This essay explores various strategies that...
Introduction Adopting the right nursing care model is a crucial step towards promoting a faster recovery of the patient; therefore, the choice of the proper healthcare model must be very careful and should be approached with the due caution. While it should be born in mind that every case is...
Abstract Though the significance of evidence based practice (EBP) for nursing practice cannot be overrated due to its practical implications and the opportunities that it provides for nurses, the effects of the specified approach often appears to leave much to be desired, since, due to its success, the method is...
Nursing is a wide field because it supports the health needs of many patients. There are different roles in nursing “such as administration, management, and mentorship” (Sullivan, 2013, p. 48). A Nurse Administrator should possess certain competencies in order to deliver quality care and support to his or her patients....
Pro Speaker 1: 3 Arguments for the Necessity to Punish Parents, Who Allow Their Children Obesity Happening, Legally The issue of childhood obesity is an urgent topic for discussion. The American stats show that about 19% of boys and 15% of girls aged from 2 to 19 are obese (Standing...
Humanity’s quest for knowledge has led to the emergence of a plethora of disciplines. In turn, the extant individual differences and preferences have facilitated the distribution of professionals across all these disciplines. It is critical that wherever an individual works, utmost professionalism should prevail. This high level of professionalism is...
Abstract Advanced nursing is an “evidence-based practice whereby caregivers support the health needs of underserved populations” (Iglehart, 2013, p. 1937). These nurses should be ready to monitor and treat all patients with chronic or acute diseases. These caregivers should also prescribe appropriate medications to their patients. This good practice will...
Introduction Patricia Benner is a famous nursing theorist who produced the model “From Novice to Expert”. She is “currently a Professor Emerita at the University of Chicago” (Hill, 2010, p. 25). According to Benner, nurses and healthcare professionals must embrace new skills in order to become expert caregivers. This understanding...
Medical institutions equip nurses with new competencies and skills to provide evidence-based care to their patients. This essay examines the curriculum for a Master of Science in Family Nurse Practice. This program broadens the learner’s theoretical knowledge in nursing. The curriculum also equips learners with the best leadership concepts and...
Introduction The nursing profession involves well-developed and tested theories. Utilizing these theories of nursing makes the healthcare practice unique and relevant in contemporary times. This study applies Peplau’s theory of interpersonal relations to the nurse educator-nurse-student relationship. This analysis will show the implication of the theory of interpersonal relations for...
Background Information: What a Nurse Must Know about Pacific Islanders There is no secret that the U.S. environment can be characterized by an incredible cultural diversity. As a result, the nursing approaches towards a specific concern within a certain community must be based on the cultural and ethnic background of...
Abstract Healthcare providers are always in contact with people from different religion affiliations. This is mainly because the society is made up of people who practice different types of religion. Medical care providers should be aware of the differences of those religions. It is important to for such people to...
The values and philosophies of nursing and primary health care are related, and the field of nursing is essential in primary health care. Primary health care model is one of the fundamental models of primary health care in the field of nursing. The other three models are biomedical model, traditional...
My Models of Transition in Nursing According to the Bridges model, I am reflected in the neutral zone which is the second phase of the change process. The reason is that I have changed supposedly from the old practices to the new systems of the profession. The external acceptance of...
The article “Relationship between Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-Efficacy of Nurses in the Management of Pediatric Pain” by Mercedes Stanley and Deborah Pollard offers spectacular evidence regarding the nature of pain among small children in clinical facilities. The article treats “pain management” as an essential aspect of nursing practice. The article...
Focusing on the metaparadigm of nursing, it is important to determine such its aspects as a person, environment, health, and nursing. These aspects form the base for the functional components of any nursing theory and conceptual model (Fawcett, 2014, p. 337). Dorothy Johnson’s Behavioral System Model (JBHS) is one of...
Remarkable consistency exists in research detailing the competencies that nurse leaders need in this information age. In this era where nurses expect risks, nurse leaders can apply for their exceptional leadership role in integrating evidence-based practices to avert these risks (Rigolosi, 2013). After studying the role of nursing leaders that...
Introduction Every nurse should have a professional moral compass. The compass represents values that seek to control an individual’s judgment based on ethics. Ethics offer an understanding of the standards and moral values overseeing nursing practice, behavior, and relations (Purtilo, 1993). A nurse should nurture individual ethics through personal, cultural,...
Introduction The main purpose of this essay is to explore the roles and scopes of nurse practitioners (NPS). It looks at scopes and roles found in a Master of Nursing careers such as Nurse Educators, Nurse Practitioner, Nurse Informatics, and Nurse Administrator. Specifically, it focuses on a Family Nurse Practitioner...
Transmitting information from one healthcare specialist to another has always been an issue, and even with the introduction of the latest information technologies into the healthcare field, little has changed. The problem of handoff communication in nursing has a very long and complicated history. Indeed, misconceptions and communication issues between...
Introduction This paper aims to evaluate current strategies for the removal of short-term indwelling catheters. The main purpose is to identify the most effective approaches, which are currently used by healthcare professionals. First, it should be noted that catheterization is one of the most common operations and thousands of patients...
Patient’s Autonomy and Nonmaleficence It goes without saying that the primary goal of any medical endeavor is to secure a positive outcome for the patient’s well-being. This idea is primarily justified by the principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence, which build a basis for the healthcare and practitioner-patient relationship paradigm. In...
Introduction The BSN Essentials guide practitioners and clinicians to apply the best competencies depending on the goals of the targeted patients. Such concepts revolve around care delivery, advocacy, and policy in the field of nursing. The selected attributes studied in class include safety, evidence-based practice, patient-centered care, teamwork, and collaboration....
In nursing practice, risk communication is essential because it allows for shared decision-making between medical personnel and the patient. There are numerous challenges associated with communicating risks to patients, including insufficient numeracy levels of nurses and other health staff, lack of communication skills, and underdeveloped communication strategies. Mr. Ortego’s case,...
Introduction Current investigations prove that COPD, its causes, and treatment methods are serious issues to analyze: within a short period of time, this disease becomes one of the main reasons of human deaths, and the most terrible fact is that the number of female deaths is increasing (Ilgin et al.,...
Effective communication is an extremely important part of any organizational process. Good interpersonal skills are especially important in nursing and are essential for building and maintaining a successful team that can provide the best patient care possible. Lack of communication can lead to a great number of problems, and a...
The Case Study An indigenous child, Sara aged four, has been admitted after fainting at the Early Childhood Centre (ECC) she attends for three hours, in the morning. She spends the afternoon in the crèche adjacent to the ECC. The child’s aunty comes to the clinic some hours after Sara’s...
Introduction: Nursing Shortage The selected clinical problem refers to modern healthcare organizations’ inability to keep up with the high demand for healthcare services and ensure an adequate supply of the nursing workforce. As a result of understaffing among nurses, professionals responsible for patient care often face the unwanted consequences of...
Conflict management is a common topic in any profession of our time. Now people are more confident in expressing and defending their points of view. This inevitably leads to various conflicts, which can often have serious consequences. In particular, conflicts can arise in the medical field and involve nurses. These...
Introduction Media has proved to have enormous power over opinion and, hence, over reality. Informational representation affects any group, and the healthcare system is no exclusion. Nurses appear to be under a lot of pressure despite their massive influence on the system’s functioning. Hence, their media portrayal influences their public...
To develop a successful strategy for building a transformational leader and changing the target setting and its participants, one needs to have a clear perspective of the environment in which the described alterations are going to take place. The service in question is known as the Haitian American Nurses Association...
While globalization created many opportunities for people to learn, travel, and conduct business, it also made access to medical care easier. As a consequence, people around the world have become more aware of health issues in other countries. The role of family nurse practitioners is revolutionary in the delivery of...
The present paper discusses such a health problem as obesity among children from 2 to 12 years old. This population was selected because children are the nation’s future and, therefore, the government should be concerned with their health problems. Children with obesity commonly grow up in adults with the same...
Introduction A 76-year-old man named Dennis, who is a widow, is brought to the Emergency Department by an ambulance. Dennis, a widower was found in a confused state on the bedroom floor of his unit and when asked whether he recognized his environment, he was unable to tell the Ambulance...
Introduction In old days many patients went to see health care providers with a sole expectation of being relieved of their sickness. Many cultural heritages exist globally and people are not restricted within their area of origin, freedom of movement has greatly contributed to cultural diversity in many parts of...
Over the past decades, the role of advanced nursing practice has been deeply integrated into the healthcare context worldwide. With an increased demand in an individual approach to the patients, nurses have become major intermediates between the doctors and subjects of their treatment. Although it is generally accepted that the...