What article did you choose? Family-Focused Therapy for Bipolar Disorder: Reflections on 30 Years of Research. Why did you select this article versus the others? The article was selected because its title had a direct similarity to the research topic. All keywords used for the research topic in medicine, therapy...
Introduction An American nurse can perform such duties as participating in the diagnosis, prescribing medications, patient care, and treatment, and advising patients on self-treatment after hospitalization. The diagnosis determines the patient’s different management strategies, treatment, prognosis, and prospects. Such a comprehensive study of the patient requires the doctor to be...
Introduction A comprehensive mental status examination, namely MSE, is an assessment for mental health patients. According to Voss and Das (2021), MSE is conducted in psychiatry to evaluate the patient’s current state. The MSE was introduced to identify, assess, and control mental illness symptoms (Voss & Dass, 2021). Significantly, the...
Various enzymes allow the conversion of tryptophan to serotonin. Similarly, some enzymes play a crucial role in the conversion of tyrosine to dopamine and subsequently to norepinephrine. In the diagram labeled by the letter “A,” the process of serotonin conversion is depicted. For serotonin produced peripherally and centrally, there is...
Introduction Mental status examination (MSE) refers to an organized way of studying and describing the current status of a patient’s mind. MSE provides the patient’s cross-sectional description, allowing healthcare professionals to make reliable formulations and diagnoses when incorporated with the patient’s historical and biographical information (Shim et al., 2017). These...
Introduction Official classification of mental illnesses began as early as 1763 and continued through the 18th and 19th centuries as various attempts have continued to classify disorders by categories, symptoms, and psychiatric diagnoses. Thus, classification for psychiatric disorders is also known as psychiatric taxonomy and serves as a critical tool...
In the 21st century, the old proverb “A sound mind in a sound body” is no longer accurate. Unfortunately, being in good form physically does not prevent people from developing mental illnesses or becoming addicted to harmful substances. Such problems are harder to diagnose and no easier to treat. More...
Abstract Depression or Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) remains a significant concern for modern-day healthcare, including that of the US. In primary care, the issue of MDD screening is especially acute. Based on the recent literature, Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a superior method of depression screening. This project offers to...
Evidence-Based Health Evaluation and Application One way to enhance public health and the quality of life among patients is to conduct research and use the findings for evidence-based practices. Study results provide proof for public health improvement initiatives (PHII). The director of Safe Headspace, Alicia Balewa, has successfully applied the...
Introduction Depression is a prevalent mental health concern in adolescents, with a significant proportion developing it in medium to severe variations. It can have significant effects on their lives, particularly considering that adolescence is a critical period in the formation of one’s life afterward. As such, treating it effectively is...
Essentially, the goal of the presentation is to describe the research, which involved implementing depression screening training. The training was aimed at screening older populations for depression in primary care, and it was meant for primary care nurses, nursing professionals and physicians. Thus, the main elements of the project were...
Introduction Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) refers to the condition that occurs when individuals come across traumatic events through experience or witnessing that involve severe injury, threatened, or actual death. Some traumatic events that may lead to PTSD include accidents, disasters, violence, military combat, or personal assault. Studies show that a...
Introduction Before the Affordable Care Act 2010 (ACA) enactment, mental illnesses and substance abuse patients experienced an extremely fragmented care system which was characterized by elevated levels of unmet treatment needs and poor health outcomes. Particularly, such patients have ensured high pervasiveness of preventable health cases, HIV, heart and respiratory...
Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a degenerative and incurable disease that is characterized by the gradual loss of memory and a decline in the ability to think. There is no cure for AD and its disabling effects lead to significant personal and societal costs. The prevalence of AD has increased...
Literature Review Fazel & Danesh (2002) say mentally ill prisoners mainly suffer from depression, antisocial personality disorder, and psychotic illnesses. Other common disorders that affect them include anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorders, and attention deficit hyperactive disorders (among other types of symptoms) (Fazel & Danesh, 2002). Many studies that have...
Introduction Many people have experienced a highly traumatic event at least once in their life. According to the statistics, seven persons from ten have gone through some significant trauma during their lifespan (Psychguides.com, n.d., para. 1). A number of people are currently living with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this...
Introduction Posttraumatic stress disorder is defined by Lemma (1996) as an emotional illness that is common among people who have gone through life-threatening or frightening situations at one stage of their lives. It takes time before such a person can become emotionally normal. A person who is suffering from the...
Abstract The search strategy for the given investigation implies the literature review of the scholarly sources related to the given topic. While looking for the specific type of information the following information descriptors have been identified: posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD, the traumatic event, anxiety disorders, and symptoms of depression. Introduction...
The Dynamics of Suicide According to Brown, Beck, Steer, and Grisham (2000), psychological dynamics like affection and rebuff can result in death. Brown et al. (2000) argue that the majority of people fancy demise and treat suicide as a getaway. Therefore, psychiatrists and doctors attempt to confront the fancies to...
Introduction The care programme approach (CPA) is essentially a system used to deliver health services to individuals with mental illness in society. It was primarily introduced to the United Kingdom healthcare system in 1991 (Department of Health Services. 2002 pp. 6-9)1 and has since become fundamental to the healthcare system...
Introduction Waking up to a new day seems like a surety to everyone until they face a life-changing situation such as an accident that completely alters their view of reality. Traumatic situations can cause different mental conditions including Posttraumatic stress disorder among others. The paper focuses on dissociative disorders, which...
Summary of the article The prevalence of nightmares among the United States’ citizens propelled Picchioni et al., (2002) to investigate the causes of nightmares. They performed an extensive review of literature linking stress to nightmares. A review of scholarly materials highlighted that Type A behavior is directly related to stress....
Abstract Genetic, neurobiological and environmental factors contribute towards the genesis of depressive disorders. This brief review aims to emphasize studies on the genetic, neurochemical and neuroanatomical causes of depressive disorders. The paper also seeks to explore the etiology and pathophysiology of depression and its implications in the development of new...
Introduction There are cases when nurses, therapists, or other hospital workers are not able to control the behaviors of their patients. At the same time, they have to consider the rules and standards defined by the local health care acts to react ethically properly and control all kinds of emotions...
Introduction and Background Major depressive disorder or MDD is identified by the American Psychiatric Association (2013) as a disorder that causes significant distress and inability to function while being associated with depressed mood, feelings of worthlessness, and some other symptoms. It is not clear what causes the disorder, but MDD...
Introduction The report focuses on updating the IOWA model and PRISMA of depression screening tools based on the quality improvement intervention. Depression screening using both the Patient Health Questionaire-9 (PHQ-9) and the standard protocol of DSM-5 comprise an intervention that enhances the accuracy, reliability, and validity of outcomes. The PICOT...
Introduction Since the beginning of the 20th century, social work in various spheres of public life has played a crucial role in improving the provision of mental health services to Canadian citizens. The professional skills of social workers and their focus on personal assistance for a speedy recovery can support...
In “A Psychiatric Dialogue on the Mind-Body Problem” article, Kendler (2001) presents the review of different perspectives on the problem of mind and body interaction in the context of psychotherapy. The dialogue between the Teacher and three students, Mary, Doug, and Francine, shows the discussion of three theories, including materialism,...
The Agenda The meeting under consideration occurred in 2019 and was devoted to suicide prevention for people currently serving in the military and veterans. It aimed to find the solution to the issue through a constructive discussion (“Soldier and veteran suicide prevention,” 2019). The meeting involved experts from the government...
My topic of choice is Postpartum Depression (PPD), a mental health condition that affects some women after a birth of a child (Stewart & Vigod, 2016). Women with the condition may develop exhaustion, severe mood swings, and feelings of hopelessness. Over time, patients with PPD become insomniac and experience crying...
Abstract The purpose of this research is to investigate the symptoms and provide appropriate treatment for post-traumatic stress disorders. The study covers the definition, the statistics of its appearance frequency, diagnostic criteria, patterns, and all methods of treatment of PTSD. The conclusions were made that the symptoms of PTSD should...
Introduction Bipolar disorder is an adverse condition that significantly debilitates the patient from maintaining a specific mood for a considerable period of time. Patients with bipolar disorder constantly switch between depression, apathy, and periods of elevated mood for no apparent reason. The condition presents an interesting case for modern psychology...
Post-traumatic stress disorder is a significant mental health issue affecting thousands of people all around the world. It is commonly found in people who have survived trauma, such as war veterans or survivors of abuse (American Psychiatric Association, 2015). The prevalence of PTSD in the United States is 3.6% among...
Multidisciplinary collaboration can significantly affect patients and medical professionals and greatly determines the success of the treatment. Cooperation competency can lead to beneficial results like increased patient safety and engagement or negative consequences such as medical errors (Dudley et al., 2018). Thus, interdisciplinary collaboration in pediatric primary care plays an...
Anorexia nervosa is a psychological condition distinguished by unhealthy weight-loss behaviors due to the perception and fear of being overweight. It is characterized as an eating disorder because it commonly manifests in compulsive self-starvation, often resulting in extreme, yet typically unacknowledged, weight loss. Despite its psychological nature, anorexia nervosa is...
The capstone project discusses alternative intervention methods to reduce patient aggression in the acute psychiatric setting. Patient aggression signifies physical violence towards oneself, others, and property or the occurrence of verbal threats (Mavandadi, Bieling, & Madsen, 2016). Alternative intervention methods include non-coercive approaches, in particular beta de-escalation techniques. These methods...
Introduction Autism is one of the most recognized conditions, thanks to being regularly featured in media. Paradoxically, it is not understood well by the general public, which instead relies on misconceptions and inaccurate information. What is commonly referred to autism is a part of a larger group of neurodevelopmental disabilities,...
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders refers to a set of diagnostic standards used in the classification of mental disorders. These standards were formulated by the American Psychiatric Association and have undergone several revisions (Barlow, Durand & Stewart, 2009). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fourth edition-Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR)...
Introduction The essay will be on transference and countertransference in touch. Can a therapist touch a client? This question has raised controversies recently, whereby both clients and therapists have argued on whether to touch during psychotherapy. This has been further strengthened by happenings such as misinterpreting touch in therapy. At...
Introduction Changes and transformations in diseases have become a daunting task for medical researchers to come up with measures that will not only cure but also control the prevalence of these diseases. While the research goes on, more and more people continue falling prey to diseases. Schizophrenia can be identified...
Depression has been used to refer to the situation where one is in a state of feeling low and miserable. The diagnosis for depression is made after one is assessed of symptoms related to low moods. Depression is a common diseases and it can be developed by any one in...
Anxiety Disorders Anxiety disorders are disorders which are more common than any other mental disorders found in humans (Kessler et al., 1994). Anxiety disorders occur when individuals are fearful of certain things or situations and do not know the reason for this fear. The primary types of anxiety disorders are...
Introduction The present paper discusses the diagnosis, case formulation, and treatment plan of a patient with a Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) with mixed features. The patient is 21 years old, Hispanic, and single. She combines studying in college and working part-time. The formulation of a cognitive case and literature on...
Introduction The subject of the study is Miriam Rosen, a 16-year-old female who is suffering from a variety of nutrition-related issues. She is underweight, her hair is thinning, and her teeth are in poor condition. During the interview, Miriam and her parents describe several disturbing tendencies that she exhibits, and...
There are times when a patient will be under the influence of drugs or alcohol. This can be a danger to other patients and the staff. If a patient is suspected of being under the influence, how should this be handled? More often than not, nurses and caregivers will receive...
One of the most prevalent PDs is borderline personality disorder (BPD), which involves a range of psychosocial symptoms. Its predisposing factors include both physiological and psychological aspects. BPD causes life instability, sensitiveness, and fear. It was considered an untreatable condition for decades but now can be effectively treated by various...
Introduction Borderline personality disorder (BPD) signifies a psychological problem that arises mostly in teenagers and young adults. It has been established to affect about six percent of the whole population every year (Choi-Kain et al. 342-344). The American Psychiatric Association has established that three major factors cause borderline personality disorder...
Introduction Borderline personality disorder (BPD) can be considered a significant health problem that deteriorates the quality of individuals’ lives and results in undesired outcomes. It is a severe mental disease that starts to evolve in early childhood. Its effects can be dangerous as they include self-harm and deviant behaviors. In...
Introduction Clinical depression, also called major, is a serious mental disorder with tremendous sociological and clinical importance. This condition affects millions of people around the world. The pathophysiology of depression has not been understood and defined clearly. However, the known psychopathological state involves different signs and symptoms. Depression is a...
Introduction People who belong to LGBTQI populations are at risk of social exclusion and prejudice, even in the most developed countries with progressive views on human rights. This factor may influence the rates of behavioral and mental health issues among these groups. Depression is one of the most frequent states...
In spite of the wide use, restraint and seclusion (RS) remain a controversial medical procedure in psychiatric care. While the method is useful for controlling a patient’s dangerous behavior, it implies numerous emotional and ethical issues among the staff and patients. While the practice may be acceptable if all else...
Although physical illnesses cause people much pain and inconvenience, mental diseases also deserve serious consideration since they can impact not only the lives of sick individuals but also those of their families. One of such severe psychological disorders is Alzheimer’s disease, also known as dementia. This condition millions of people...
During the last several decades, borderline personality disorder (BPD) remains one of the frequently discussed topics from theoretical and clinical perspectives. This severe mental disease is characterized by behavioral and emotional instability, uncertainty in relationship development, and poor self-image. Its onset is usually observed in adolescence or emerging adulthood. It...
Bipolar Disorder is a mental health disorder that is characterized by a range of emotions and mood changes. The emotional states of individuals who suffer from the illness shift between two extremes: mania (emotional high) and depression (emotional low). These shifts cause alterations that affect the individual’s judgment, sleep, activity,...
For this task, the research article by Zander, Sturm, and Bölte (2014) was chosen due to its coverage of two Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) diagnostic and screening tools: the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Zander et al. (2014) studied a sample of 268 children;...
Abstract The paper offers an overview of bipolar disorder based on the DSM-5 criteria. After a brief discussion of the two types of the disease, special prominence is made on bipolar I disorder. Diagnostic features characterizing bipolar I, which are four, are described in detail. Potential concurrent episodes, which are...
The treatment of aggression in children and adolescents is a complex issue because of the limited number of medications approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). To treat aggressive behavior in a 15-year-old male person, risperidone should be prescribed (Mann, Li, Radwan, Karnik, & Keenan, 2017). This paper is...
Purpose statement The research is aimed at examining the U-CARE program and its efficiency in the development of physical functioning preservation. It is expected that a careful study of the program and its benefits will further allow its implementation. Problem statement According to the researchers, the older patients sector is...
Introduction The patient is a 15-year-old Hispanic male who was diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) six years ago. The patient and his mother have visited the healthcare provider to receive the medication refill to overcome the symptoms of ADHD associated with the period of non-taking the previously prescribed...
The article by Erkan, Gencoglan, Akguc, Ozatalay and Fettahoglu (2015) had the aim of comparing the psychopathology and attachment styles in adolescent children of parents with bipolar disorder (BD) with a healthy control group. Exploring the topic of attachment is important for understanding the dynamics of adolescent-parent relationships and forming...
Introduction The topic of substance use disorder (SUD) is a complex one, but it receives notable attention from modern researchers. The present paper offers a short review of three articles that can be of use to a person investigating SUDs, especially opioid use disorder (OUD). It will focus on the...
Introduction The complexity of bipolar disorder as a psychological condition warranted extensive research in this area. The condition, also known as manic-depressive disorder, is linked to severe mood swings from one extreme to another as well as fluctuating energy and activity levels. Bipolar disorder exists in four forms: bipolar I,...
Natalee’s symptoms and the information given by her mother allow diagnosing a major depressive disorder (MDD). This condition is characterized by a sudden change in the patient’s mood that has lasted for at least two weeks (Sadock, Sadock, & Ruiz, 2015). Since the girl’s mood change occurred about eight weeks...
Introduction Autism is one of the most severe developmental disorders due to causing difficulties in communication and social interaction. Traditional views on autism are based on the premise that there is no viable cure for this disease. Sometimes, symptoms may be relieved to a small extent, but no treatment has...
Diagnosis Jane is suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) or simply depression. This diagnosis is made using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Symptoms of depression include weight loss or gain, sleeplessness, loss of interest in different activities, restlessness and being agitated, feeling sluggish and...
Introduction Depression is a major health concern, which is relatively prevalent in the modern world (World Health Organization, 2017). In the US, over 6% of the population experience moderate to severe depression (Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, 2016; National Institute of Mental Health, 2018). An additional 15% of...
The provision of mental health services is aimed at increasing people’s chances to recover and return to work and social life. According to interviews with mental health nurses, patients with suicidal ideations manage to take their lives despite professionals’ compliance with job instructions (Türkleş, Yılmaz, & Soylu, 2018). Thus, risks...
Introdiction For people diagnosed with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD), transitioning from school to adult life can be an extremely challenging process due to the specific needs that they have. The New Beginnings Program based in Miami, Florida is developed to address these challenges and provide young adults having ASD with...
Introduction Many teenagers are exposed to various traumas that can have long-lasting consequences, such as eating disorder, self-injury, depression, and anxiety. The professional assessment of trauma and its outcomes is key to making the best management strategy and treatment interventions. The given essay discusses Miriam Rosen case study from the...
The case of Genain quadruplets, which is described by Perese (2012), can be used to demonstrate the fact that genetic and nongenetic as well as prenatal and postnatal influences tend to form complex and unique combinations, which define human development. Four Genain quadruplets developed schizophrenia, but the course of the...
Discussion Angela has a moderate depression and has no other serious health conditions. It is necessary to note that the patient report certain sleep issues as she wakes up early in the morning and cannot fall asleep even though she feels tired. The majority of first-line antidepressants are associated with...
Abstract Obsessive-compulsive disorder occurs in many forms that encompass checking, hoarding, mental contamination, and intrusive thoughts. Indications of the disorder may arise in children and adolescents and become worse with age. Despite widespread research on obsessive-compulsive disorder, the definite cause of the condition is yet to be recognized. Regarding the...
Critical Thinking Exercise Psychological and mental health problems observed in older patients influence the specifics and nature of care delivered to these persons. The purpose of this paper is to discuss different aspects related to gerontological nursing which are associated with such problems as depression, mental health disorders, dementia, and...
Abstract Research regarding psychosocial therapy for bipolar disorder points out that it has a task in the adjuvant treatment of the condition. Advances that have been affirmed to be the most successful encompass family therapy, cognitive behavior therapy, and psychoeducation. The effectiveness of the interventions might considerably lie in their...
Chronically ill patients represent a specific group that often requires much attention from healthcare providers. However, despite being focused on the needs of medically ill patients, clinicians can experience certain difficulties while diagnosing a mental illness in them. The reason is that chronic conditions can cause certain patients’ reactions to...
Many political issues and agendas pertinent to mental health in the US are concerned with correctional mental care. For example, Mental Health America (2018b), which is a nonprofit association that focuses on the mental needs of the US, insists that the use of the death penalty is a problem for...
Introduction Seasonal affective disorder (SAD) can be defined as “a type of recurring major depression with a seasonal pattern” (Melrose, 2015, p. 1). Its occurrence is frequently related to sunlight decrease during the winter season, but there are other patterns as well. Depending on latitude, SAD prevalence varies from 1.5%...
According to Alzheimer’s Association (2008a), the number of elderly persons above the age of 75 years who have been positively diagnosed with dementia is likely to double in the future. Health practitioners encounter difficulties when communicating with patients suffering from dementia. This situation results in adverse effects on the patients....
The title of the paper describes the article accurately, stating the research question, the study type (qualitative), and the target group. The authors have chosen to include the term “the opposite of treatment,” which is not a formal expression and requires familiarity with the “findings” section to be fully understood....
The article is qualitative research since it reviews various qualitative researches on suicidal behavior. Hence, it reviews articles, which have no empirical data. Consequently, no empirical data analysis approaches are necessary for the presentation of the research findings and conclusions. Rather, the article narrates various non-empirical findings of past researches...
Name:SH Date:February 20, 2018 Time: 3:15 pm. Age:77 Sex:Male SUBJECTIVE CC: “ I feel lack of energy” HPI: Case of 77 years old, male with his wife complaining of feeling lack of energy asking for vitamins. He said that many times he just doesn’t want to do anything. His wife...
Abstract The present topic considers the problem of inefficient depression management, which, given the significance of the condition, needs to be addressed. The problem is reviewed within specific settings as the project strives to answer the following PICOT question: in nursing staff at VEGA Medical Center (Miami, FL), how does...
Introduction Group psychotherapy is a process that evolves in several stages and aims at the delivery of the final mental recovery of all the members. It is claimed that most groups “develop in a regular and observable pattern, allowing for predictions of near-future patterns of group behavior” (American Group Psychotherapy...
The Practical Elements of the Group The new psychotherapeutic groups will target combat veterans with PSTD of moderate severity aged between 18 and 50 years old. It has been estimated that up to 30% of Afghanistan and Iraq veterans are diagnosed with PTSD that prevents these people from effectively returning...
Symptom Picture Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a mental disorder that is characterized by excessive, irrational, and uncontrollable fear and worry. People diagnosed with GAD tend to have apprehensive expectations about real-life activities and events. According to the Mayo Clinic Staff (2014), psychological symptoms of GAD can vary from one...
The attitude towards sexual minorities has changed dramatically since the middle of the twentieth century. At present, the majority of Americans, for instance, do not have a negative attitude towards LGBT community, and the level of acceptance is quite high (66%) (Russell & Fish, 2016). Irrespective of these optimistic trends,...
Differences Between Dementia and Delirium Both delirium and dementia are types of cognitive impairment, but it is crucial for psychiatric nurses to differentiate between them. The major difference is that while dementia occurs in patients with clear consciousness, delirium involves the decline in both cognition and consciousness (Sadock, Sadock, &...
Mental health is considered a major determinant of a person’s well-being, interaction in the society, and family relationships. It is estimated that almost 40% to 50% of the US population develops a mental condition during their lifetime. The majority of these disorders begin in childhood or teenage years, escalating the...
Many psychologists are apt to think that eating disorders are not so serious diseases to be paid much attention. At the same time the number of people suffering from these illnesses is increasing from year to year. Eating disorders can be defined as “illnesses in which the victims suffer severe...
Introduction Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), also known as multiple personality disorder, stands out among the most interesting problems in psychology. With its extensive and tartan past, this condition has been to some degree disputable (Forrest, 2001, p. 260). A budding body of literature is unearthing the etiology of dissociative identity...
In today’s society, it is normal for people to feel anxious about certain occurrences in their lives such as parental responsibilities, job interviews, relationships, taking exams, and dealing with the loss of loved ones. However, when anxiety takes over individuals’ lives, it becomes problematic. According to the National Institute of...
Introduction Trauma is an assault on the human mind and body which have an effect on several subsystems, like physiologic, social as well as emotional functions. Trauma frequently leads to enduring psychiatric conditions (like nervousness that will not lessen, depressive disorder, or mental and emotional injuries that will not mend)...
Introduction Insanity has long been recognized as a problem, but it has been given both religious and medical explanations. Different societies used various methods of the treatment of insanity based on their beliefs about its nature. The analysis of different approaches to insanity, its treatment, institutions created for people suffering...
Introduction Depression is the most abundant mood disorder and a syndrome that fatigue people. As a disorder, depression can occur in the unipolar and bipolar forms. Being a syndrome, it is seen as episodes of decreased motivation, sadness and suicidal thoughts, etc. There are a lot of things that can...
Abstract Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common and widespread neurobehavioral disorder among minors. It is a debilitating condition that is long term in nature. In the United States alone, about 5.5 million minors below the age of 17 have already been diagnosed with this condition. Since the figures are...
Introduction Dependent personality disorder is a mental disorder which creates a situation in which an individual feels the need to be protected by others and is so worried and scared of losing the important persons in his/her life in the case of separation. This makes the affected person so close...
The issues surrounding the practice of Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS) are contentious for most people. In the last few years, the issue of PAS has elicited a passionate debate in both the United States and the rest of the world. PAS was first entrenched into the country’s legal system in 1997...