Healthcare research is a process of inquiry that uses critical thinking to solve medical problems. This type of research helps us learn about new healthcare technologies, treatments, and services that we can apply to improve patient care.
In a healthcare research paper, you communicate your findings to the medical community and the general public. Healthcare research paper samples are available in many online databases and can be a valuable resource for students.
Rationale Mental health is an important aspect of one’s well-being, and treating psychological problems is a complex task that requires high-quality care. According to recent data, the rates of mental health issues increase each year, with the pandemic becoming a catalyst for people experiencing problems with depression, anxiety, addiction, and...
What is Botulinum Toxin? Botulinum toxin is also identified as the miracle poison, and it is among the most poisonous substances. It is produced by the bacteria known as Clostridium botulinum, which is a gram-positive, anaerobic, and spore-forming rod mainly found in water, plants, animals’ intestinal tracts, and soil. This...
The human body is characterized by a unique biological clock that dictates a wide range of responses, behaviors, and emotions. This cyclical mechanism takes place in the background and usually occurs in recurrent 24-hour cycles. The process controls human sleep-wake patterns, thereby being able to dictate any individual’s overall wellbeing...
Introduction A crucial lifestyle component that may stop or delay the beginning and progression of brain degeneration is diet. In the absence of effective treatment, dementia is becoming an increasing public concern (Takeuchi & Kawashima, 2021). Therefore, whether food and nutritional habits contribute to the deterioration of aging-related cognitive functions...
Introduction Child development includes several interrelated categories, including play, family/environmental, socioemotional, cognitive/intellectual, and physical/neurological development. This essay aims to evaluate the developmental aspects of four kids who are seen in a video jumping and having fun on a trampoline. Three kids—two girls aged 7-8, a boy aged 6, and the...
It is important to note that evidence-based practice emphasizes the use of a wide range of evidence, which can significantly vary in terms of quality and reliability. Sources of literature to support or refute a specific intervention can be generally categorized into two groups, such as filtered and unfiltered information....
The Importance of Team-Based Rewards to Healthcare Organizations Fowler, T., Garr, D., Mager, N. D. P., & Stanley, J. (2020). Enhancing primary care and preventive services through Interprofessional practice and education. Israel Journal of Health Policy Research, 9(1), 1-5. Web. Fowler et al. (2020) state that team-based rewards in healthcare...
Introduction Data entails the collection of raw facts and figures used for scrutiny and analysis to derive useful information from them. It is the fundamental pillar from which treatments and decisions are made in healthcare. Without it, no operations can be performed as a physician cannot operate on a patient...
Introduction Since insurers are no longer allowed to refuse coverage or charge extra due to previous illnesses, the U.S. healthcare system has changed, providing full healthcare coverage to millions of Americans and enabling anybody with health issues to obtain coverage. Additionally, fewer individuals are skipping out on medical care due...
Introduction Different factors affect patient outcomes in tertiary, primary, and secondary care settings. This leads to variations in disease superiority among patients in care facilities. To explain these findings, different studies show that mortality, comorbidity, and morbidity, among other elements that define disease severity and prevalence, vary among patients based...
Maintaining good health is a vital component of life that everyone should prioritize. Mental health can significantly affect an individual’s overall quality of life, encompassing their psychological and emotional well-being (Ward & Barry, 2018). Individuals should care for their mental health for a healthy and satisfying life. The essay will...
Introduction The analysis of research studies can provide a comprehensive understanding of a given phenomenon. Polit and Beck (2012, pg. 23) explain that research is a methodical process that uses scientific methods to find new information that can be used to answer a question or make a system better. The...
Introduction Managing a chronic disease often requires constant access to resources that are highly localized and may even be tethered to a single provider. This notion implies that this process is highly demanding in terms of funds for both involved parties. Wagner (2019) states that there is “disturbing evidence of...
Introduction From a scientific perspective, the potential advantages of stem cell research cannot be disregarded. An important property of stem cells lies in their ability to differentiate into multiple types. As such, they hold enormous promise for treating various ailments and conditions, even those previously considered incurable (Sivaraman, 2019). In...
With an increasing number of children and teenagers labeled as overweight or obese, the problem of childhood obesity is becoming even more of a concern in the United States. The effects of this condition on children’s health, well-being, and general quality of life are extensive and long-lasting. Despite the dire...
Introduction Medical reconciliation is an issue that often arises in medical practice. Therefore, the goal of this assignment is to develop an initiative for improving medication reconciliation processes. In particular, “The Road to Evidence-Based Practice” process will be applied to gather scientific and reliable evidence. The final results will be...
Bacteria are eliminated with the help of various medicines, but among them, some have developed a certain resistance. Mechanisms of drug resistance are different, but the reason usually given is that there are too many drugs in the modern world (Annunziato, 2019). For example, they prevent bacterial infections in animal...
Obesity is characterized by a significant amount of extra fat accumulating in the body. Individuals with a BMI greater than or equal to 30 kg/m2 are considered obese (Einarson et al., 2018, p.2). This essay aims to explore the causes of obesity and the related health complication. Additionally, it will...
Introduction There are many advantages to pursuing a Master’s degree in nursing that are necessary for advanced nursing practice. I understand the value of a Master’s degree in nursing and the effect it would have on my professional practice as a future nurse. I am aware of the nine Essentials...
Introduction Health professionals are facing myriad challenges when working with alcoholics who have been diagnosed with some psychiatric disorders. Great challenge lies on the inability or to assess the patient’s condition because alcoholism can coexist with, or result to different psychological challenges. Sometimes, alcoholism in the patient is worsened by...
Across the globe, smoking has become a severe public health issue. Over the years, smoking has adopted a pandemic nature leading to a high number of diseases, disabilities, and even death. Smoking tobacco has resulted in almost 7 million deaths that could have been avoided in different counties. Several kinds...
Introduction Successful healthcare organizations implement continuous improvement programs to ensure patients receive the expected safety, high-quality care, improved outcomes, and positive experiences. Creating such a culture is not a quick fix but a long-term commitment that requires gradual organizational change. A culture of excellence in healthcare refers to an organization-wide...
Introduction The problem of wasting time is due to filling in the necessary documentation, which can be automated. Difficulties arise even at the stage of making an appointment with a doctor and the registration process. In order to reduce paperwork, the most optimal solution is to install a CRM for...
Purpose A community’s health is crucial to improving the happiness and lifespan of its residents. Despite the much advancement in modern medicine, tremendous nations struggle to provide appropriate health care services due to economic and societal constraints. The majorities of the rural residents in the area are impoverished and rely...
Introduction Various healthcare organizations have set themselves the goal of improving the quality of their facilities. An organization’s systematic approach to quality improvement in health care means that the quality of health care is constantly monitored, assessed, and improved. Continuous improvement in healthcare activities can update healthcare organizations from inefficient,...
A hospital is one of those places where self-care and even basic hygiene play a crucial role in the health and sometimes the lives of the patients and staff who work there. Any infection that may be on the surface that a patient has come into contact with is dangerous...
Introduction Understanding the nursing metaparadigm as one of the main theoretical foundations is a critical task for all nurses. Nursing science has undergone multiple shifts to identify the most important services and environments where nurses and patients cooperate (Rogers, 1992). The metaparadigm defines interest in nursing science and consists of...
Cornelius et al. (2020) argued that the essential part of the tobacco plant, which is planted, is its leaves, which are dried and fermented before being used as a product. Most people use plant leaves because it contains nicotine, a chemical that, when eaten by users, causes addiction. Tobacco is...
To provide quality and person-centred care, engaging the patients throughout the decision-making process is essential. Healthcare providers should involve patients when making decisions regarding their management (McCance et al., 2021). The rationale is that clients have the requisite expertise and can contribute to enhancing their quality of life (Goossens et...
Introduction As it is known, all types of research have one main goal – to obtain new knowledge or to test existing ones based on some theory. Systematic scientific research is part of more extensive scientific research and seeks to answer research questions. In addition, there may be disciplined theories...
Clinical research refers to the determination of the effectiveness and safety of devices, medications, treatment regimes, and diagnostic properties for human use. This activity mainly aims to determine the treatment, prevention, relieving of disease symptoms, and diagnosis. As the clinical research manager, I will implement some of the best practices...
Significance of Research Nursing Research Nursing staff can improve the quality of patient care and identify the best procedures using research. Fact-finding can clear up misconceptions, open the door for fresh therapeutic interventions, and develop innovative methodologies (Kowalski et al., 2020). Additionally, research aids nursing in adapting to shifts in...
Introduction It is crucial to remember that determining health disparities necessitates a careful examination of the primary indicators, such as social determinants of health. The assessment of health trends in Nassau, Suffolk, and Kings Counties of New York State allowed an in-depth overview of major points of interest in this...
Introduction The transition of care (TOC) represents the system of actions that healthcare providers carry out to ensure care continuity and coordination for patients who transfer between different levels of care. Within the transition from the hospital to the home setting, there could be many gaps, such as inadequate planning,...
In the article “Energy Drinks are Killing Young People. It’s Time to Stop That”, the authors have adequately used appeal to ethics, logic, and emotions to reinforce their claim. Crawford and Gosliner have used ethos when they state that “last month, a 16-year-old tragically lost his life after consuming an...
The study of health care is linked to concrete and quantitative science since each medical intervention must first be supported by research before it can be widely used. The collection and organization of statistical data using empirical study are one of the most popular methods of information justification. In its...
Introduction Vegetarianism is a diet that excludes meat and fish. Stricter forms of vegetarianism may include avoiding food for which animals are not killed but exploited, such as dairy products and eggs. According to the World Health Organization (2021), “Low fruit and vegetable consumption are linked to poor health and...
Introduction The medical industry in the modern world has developed highly specialized knowledge and tactics to generate income from research and care delivery, guaranteeing high standards of care and patient satisfaction. Over the past few years, there has been a steady deterioration in the quality of medical care provided. Despite...
Introduction Indeed, statistics has played an instrumental role in the development of healthcare and in improving the practices used by governments to ensure the safety of their nations. Nowadays, health statistics are used to comprehend community risk factors, track and monitor diseases, observe the effects of changing policies, and evaluate...
The application of evidence-based practice in healthcare contexts is essential for the protection of patients. Effective and well-researched interventions reduce morbidity and enhance the degree of satisfaction with clinical services. Evidence-based practice prioritizes the application of research to translate knowledge into practice (Mohanasundari & Padmaja, 2018). Institutions must prioritize the...
Introduction Today it is difficult to underestimate the importance of the use of statistics in any sphere of life and human development. However, there are few areas where its correct use is as beneficial to society as in medicine. Reliable and complete statistical information is the basis for the organization...
Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study is to show the psychometric properties, which include the reliability and validity of the decision fatigue scale (DFS). Besides, it also aimed to scrutinize the psychometric properties of the DFS during the COVID-19 pandemic in samples of working nurses. By examining...
Getting regular exercise is very important for a person’s health. Exercise can improve mental performance, help people control their weight, reduce their risk of disease, build stronger bones and muscles, and improve daily functioning. Any amount of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and less sitting have some favorable health consequences for the...
Introduction This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the health belief model in predicting preventive behaviors against COVID-19. The research involved the analysis of multiple articles that utilized the health belief model in analyzing COVID-19-related behavior. Eventually, the study incorporated 32 articles and the results revealed that a majority...
The PICOT research question “In smokers aged 25-65 years who use nicotine (P) are electronic cigarettes (I) as compared to smoking cessation therapies (C) more effective at leading to smoking cessation (O) over one year (T)?” can be based answered by the qualitative research done by a UK qualitative research...
Introduction Diabetes mellitus and its complications are a severe global and national problem as the spread of this disease has increased significantly in the 21st century. For this reason, international and national health organizations make significant efforts to disseminate information about preventive measures and apply them to the population. This...
Diabetes mellitus is a severe global problem that affects all countries and segments of the population. Simultaneously, in most cases, the disease is preventable with the help of simple methods. For this reason, the health care system and social services must devote more effort to developing effective diabetes prevention programs....
Picot Question In smokers aged 25-65 years who use nicotine, are electronic cigarettes, compared to smoking cessation therapies, more effective at leading to smoking cessation over one year? Introduction According to research, e-cigarettes do not affect the likelihood of stopping smoking. For persons who smoke cigarettes, e-cigarettes with nicotine are...
Introduction A strategically important task in the context of health care reform is the organization of a fundamentally new implementation of medical and preventive measures through medical institutions concentrating on specialization. Such a concept can be achieved through the provision of qualified assistance to the population through remote means, using...
Electronic health record refers to software found in a computer system that aids in patients’ medical records by healthcare providers. Similarly, automated clinical workflows can also be stored in this software. Patients in remote areas can receive treatments with telemedicine sessions where the doctors can prescribe medications electronically. This paper...
The topic I am researching is the prevention of diabetes and its consequences, and the primary intervention is the provision of educational programs for people at high risk of diabetes. This intervention clearly demonstrates that knowledge transfer is one of the main methods of improving public health and health care....
Introduction As for the gaps in the existing literature, the main issue is the lack of empirical studies that would show the benefits and downsides of applying the green SCM in the healthcare industry sector. For example, there are theoretical papers from 1982; however, to this day, there are few...
Medication errors may be regarded as one of the most common issues in medical settings that substantially impact the safety of patients and the quality of health care delivery. Approximately 100,000 patients die every year due to various mistakes, including medication ones, in clinical settings (Allen, 2013; Kohn et al.,...
Introduction To succeed and perform effectively in a complex and competitive environment like healthcare, every organization must strive to improve its performance continuously. Organizational success depends on many factors, but one of the main ones is quality improvement, as it enhances every aspect of work – from basic processes to...
Introduction The main focus of the essay is the issue of childhood obesity. This refers to a condition where a child is overweight for their age as well as height. It can result in high blood pressure, diabetes, and high cholesterol. Many healthcare officials describe it as a lifestyle illness...
Both epistemology and ontology are crucial parts of the research method design. Understanding these two concepts and differentiating between them can help to decide what kind of research method, qualitative or quantitative, would be the most applicable in the particular research study. The term epistemology originated from the Greek “episteme”...
Several individual and organizational barriers make it difficult for health professionals to embrace and apply evidence-based practices. Specifically, a lack of resources and support from the hospital administration is a significant drawback (Greenhalgh et al., 2019). For example, if a nurse researcher wishes to study the causes of recurrent infections...
Providing end-of-life care is a process that involves addressing multiple ethical and moral dilemmas, the choice between continuing largely pointless life support and encouraging family members to accept the inevitable and choose to end it for a patient being the most difficult one. The case of Tonya Archer features a...
Introduction Orlando Health is a private not-for-profit healthcare institution with multiple facilities throughout the US, including Orlando Regional Medical Center and Arnold Palmer Hospital for Children. The core campus of Orlando Health was established in Orlando, Florida. It has an overarching mission and vision of serving people and providing healthcare...
A high-quality healthcare system is a crucial part of citizens’ welfare in any country. High-standard healthcare treatment ensures the population’s longevity, warrants low mortality rates, and the absence of complications after illnesses, guarantees quicker recovery, and establishes a high level of general health among citizens. Every country has an individual...
Introduction The occurrence of medication administration errors in the facility necessitates developing a training plan to address the problem and solve it via staff education and training. For that purpose, this in-service session aims to improve the nursing staff’s skills in safe medication administration in the hospital setting. More specifically,...
The culture or cultural care theory is a system of care formulated by Madeleine Leininger after her experience as a medical professional in villages in New Guinea. Leininger continued to develop varied models for healthcare professionals regarding approaches to patients of different cultures when she returned to the University of...
Background The quality of nursing care provided in hospitals, other healthcare institutions, and primary care settings is a significant factor in determining healthcare results. Patient and employee safety is a problem that cannot be overlooked in the healthcare industry. Hence, the provision of healthcare places emphasis on patient safety. This...
The life stage can influence how people interact with the healthcare physician. Depending on the stage of life, different healthcare issues may be more or less critical. Adulthood is a productive age. Therefore, health issues may be more concentrated on problems brought on by the job. People in this stage...
Implementing evidence‐based guidelines for falls prevention The research sought to explain nurses’ implementation of evidence-based guidelines to prevent falls among cognitively-impaired elderly individuals in care institutions. As a result, the observation techniques adopted in an uncontrolled environment were relevant to its aim as they enabled the researchers to obtain information...
Introduction Medication errors are a major problem in the healthcare system and one of the most prevalent medical errors that endanger patient safety and can result in serious harm or even death. This assessment will review and discuss the problem of medical staff making mistakes with their patients’ medication, which...
Staphylococcus aureus is a type of bacteria typically presiding in the skin cells. Staph infections could lead to the development of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, also known as MRSA. It is difficult to treat this type of infection, which can spread from person to person upon skin contact, which means tracking...
Background The social determinants of health are the health-affecting conditions in which a particular society lives, learns, and works; these conditions cause many wealth inequalities. One of the most critical social determinants of health is the amount of money a country can provide to residents of a given region. Whether...
Mission and Vision The mission of the American Red Cross organization is to lessen human suffering and ensure that the influence of volunteers and donor kindness can be organized to prevent various health issues. At the same time, the vision that guides American Red Cross operations is to develop an...
Introduction The essential expertise and knowledge acquired during the course “Translational Research and Evidence-Based Practice (DNP-820A)” are presented and analyzed in this handout. The evaluations developed are provided in this paper in line with the American Nurses Association’s stated standards for determining a trained postgraduate nurse’s most significant, essential abilities...
Introduction The concept of using prisons as mental health institutions has been commonly practiced, especially in the United States, since deinstitutionalization in 1960. In this essay, my chosen issue is “Prisons as mental health institutions.” This topic is essential for me and society because prisoners and correlation workers are commonly...
Introduction This project is dedicated to the educational preparation of cancer patients’ parents and families. The program focuses on children with cancer and their families. The goal of the project is to provide a complete picture of cancer treatment and psychologically prepare patients’ families for the upcoming process. The project...
Research, practice, and theory have complementary and cyclical interactions. When clinical practice creates research questions and knowledge for theory creation, the research directs the practice and grows knowledge, while theory directs research and improves practice (Portney, 2020). Effective nursing practice necessitates applying knowledge and abilities to properly care for patients....
About health promotion model Who developed it Relevance of the model What the model focuses on Who developed the model Health promotion model is centered on the idea of helping and encouraging people to make better and health decisions. This involves motivating them to be consistent when it comes to...
Introduction Errors in prescribing and using drugs can have pronounced negative consequences for patients. The most important point for public health is safety and strategies to prevent possible errors in medical institutions. At present, strategies to reduce the problem are not enough and the issue needs to be studied in...
Statistics Notably, anxiety disorders are among the most common diseases in childhood and adolescence. According to the National Institutes of Health, anxiety disorders affect roughly one-third of all teenagers aged 13 to 18 (American Academy of Pediatrics, 2019). Twenge et al. (2017) claim that between 2010 and 2015, adolescents’ depressive...
Introduction Every person’s features and experiences, according to the Health Promotion Model (HPM), influence their subsequent behaviors. The collection of variables for behaviorally particular knowledge and impact has much motivating power. Nursing interventions can change these factors and alter the current care regimen. The targeted behavioral objective and endpoint of...
Interview Summary I have chosen to interview a registered nurse working in the ICU department of a local clinic. She is a 34-year-old female, and her position involves interacting with patients, assessing their vital signs, fulfilling clinicians’ orders, and providing patients with prescribed medications. The interviewed nurse called low hand...
Purpose The purpose of the article’s authors was to provide an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon of burnout from the words and opinions of hospital workers. This understanding would make it possible to control interventions in the future to inform employees about potential risks. Hospitals would change at the organizational...
Principal Proposition During exercise, the heart is under natural stress and pumps blood faster through the blood vessels. As a result, blood flow sharply increases, and the filling of blood vessels also increases — a phenomenon called hyperemia. From the visual point of view, the excess of blood is realized...
Managed care plans are standard among healthcare patients as they serve as medical insurance and provide treatment at reduced costs. Still, they differ in their benefits based on the medical providers or healthcare facilities that cover care’s prices for individuals. Thus, Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) pay only for the treatment...
Introduction. An Overview of Substance Use and Abuse A growing health concern in the U.S. Teenagers represent eight percent of all cases Substance use in adolescence is highly addictive 10% of affected teenagers are in therapy (Hudgins et al., 2019) Drug addiction and dependence maintain high rates Several issues contribute...
Introduction Bedsores or pressure injuries are damage to the body or subcutaneous tissues, typically placed above a skeletal spotlight, as a consequence of strain or pressure in a mixture with deformation. They continue to be one of the most underrepresented facets in medicine (Akram et al., 2022). Pressure injury prevention...
Introduction to Healthcare Theories: Peplau and Orem The paper describes two healthcare theories: Hildegard Peplau’s interpersonal relations in nursing and Dorothea Orem’s self-care deficit theory. The first part describes Peplau’s phases of the nurse-patient relationship and aligns the presentation with a current nursing practice example. The second part describes Orem’s...
Summary The technique of getting, handling, and incorporating data analysis that enhances clinical practice, the work setting, or outcomes for patients is known as evidence-based practice (EBP). The potential of nursing professionals to produce evidence-based services is related to their perceptions concerning the worth of EBP and their capability to...
Culture presents a vital component of society and defines many aspects of society’s life, including the concepts of health and illnesses as well as common health practices. The culture of a particular group or population includes the collection of people’s ideas and beliefs about social norms and people’s behavior. Therefore,...
The development of statistics in healthcare, as well as statistics in general, has its history and peculiarities. The first attempts at calculating the average life expectancy were made in the second century AD. In the Middle Ages, they were continued in the form of the “Florentine Table” completed in 1526...
Introduction Currently, epistemology and ontology are central to many human sciences – from biology, physiology, psychology, and sociology to the philosophy of science and medicine. No science, especially such an integral complex system of cognition as medicine, can successfully solve its research tasks without a philosophical and dialectical understanding of...
Background This paper examines the city of Miami, Florida, in the context of the lack of emergency care for the low-income population. The City of Miami has 80 zip codes ranging from 331-to 332. The community in question is a social stratum of people with low incomes, which, due to...
Introduction The United States of America is without a doubt one of the most advanced nations in the world regarding social, economic, and technological integration. Despite this fact, access to healthcare remains one of the biggest challenges facing the country. The Institute of Medicine defines access to health is defined...
Introduction The provision of medical services is now seriously tied to the communication problem since precisely this is the key to a correct and quick diagnosis and, as a result, receiving recommendations for recovery. Good communication between the patient, physicians, and other professionals serves the benefit of prevention and reduces...
Drug addiction, also referred to as substance use disorder, is a disease that influences an individual’s brain and behavior, leading to the lack of capacity to control the use of legal and illegal drugs. It is notable that individuals diagnosed with substance use disorders (SUD) encounter discrimination and bias from...
Background The atypical piece of this theory is the intent of the theorist to criticize the already developed metaparadigms of person, environment, health, and the nursing profession. A person is any individual who need human care after being acknowledged as a cultural being, hence the definition of “person” shouldn’t be...
Nurses are responsible for patients’ health, safety, and lives, and their practice must be based on credible knowledge. Moreover, these employees are constantly working to improve the quality and efficiency of the health services provided. To achieve their goals, nurses conduct research, look for evidence of the effectiveness of specific...
The variety of knowledge on nursing practice constitutes the wide-ranging field of this scholarship. While some scholars try to formulate scientific knowledge through laboratory work, their colleagues in hospitals and other medical facilities apply the best available practices. This paper will outline the clear line between nursing research and evidence-based...
Introduction The need for long-term care is constantly rising due to the improvements in the healthcare business. As a result of the rise in demand for long-term care, numerous innovative techniques have emerged. Therefore, long-term care facilities have been created to offer presidents and patients ongoing access to high-quality nursing,...
The key benefits of breastfeeding come in a multitude of health benefits for a child. It is stated that breastfed children experience fewer “childhood illnesses, acute otitis media, severe lower respiratory tract infections, asthma, constipation, gastrointestinal infection, and eczema” (Pattison et al., 2019, p. 1). However, the disadvantage is that...
Notably, healthcare prices have been rising in the United States. Some claim that a universal health care system would save costs while expanding access to treatments. Others claim that it can cost more and even degrade the quality of care. Therefore, a search for two editorials from opposing viewpoints was...
Guidance in making clinical decisions is supported by ethical principles that are adhered to when stipulating the Evidence-based Practice guidelines. These fundamental principles include non-maleficence, beneficence, Autonomy, and Justice (Hopp and Rettinmeyer, 2020). Autonomy encourages respect for patients’ right to make their own decisions, the right to decide about treatment,...
Background The more a pregnant women drinks during pregnancy, the greater the babies’ risk for problems is likely to be. If expectant mothers drink heavily throughout their pregnancy, their babies are at even greater risk of having congenital disabilities than if they had occasional drinks while pregnant. Alcohol is a...