Alternative Treatment for Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Insulin injection primary treatment for T1DM; Continuous glucose monitoring improves conditions for patient; Artificial pancreas breakthrough development enhancing glucose control; Approved by the FDA but not widely known to the public. Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a significant healthcare concern...
Reflection on the “Pathways to Safer Opioid Use” interactive exercise The Pathways to Safer Opioid Use interactive exercise demonstrates how decisions made by medical workers influence the use of opioids by patients (“Pathways to Safer”, 2017). From the practice, I concluded that effective interactions with patients could prevent opioid-related adverse...
Kaposi Sarcoma Mr. Hohner developed Kaposi Sarcoma (KS), an unusual type of cancer, due to the gradual depletion of CD4 cells. This affected his immune system, which is responsible for protecting the body against diseases. It is this diminished response that made his body more susceptible to infectious pathogens and...
Introduction In the field of nursing practice, upholding patient safety ensures the delivery of quality services thereby facilitating the improvement of the public’s health status. In the recent past, the increased number of medical errors in nursing practice has jeopardized the quality of health care provision thereby raising considerable concerns....
Introduction Safeguarding one’s health is one of the most important and lifelong considerations a person can have. To ensure that a person can lead a prosperous and long life, they must engage in practices that are beneficial to their physical and mental wellbeing. To protect public health, medical professionals, especially...
What Is Pender’s Health Promotion Model? Currently, Nola Pender is “a Professor Emerita at the University of Michigan School of Nursing” (University of Michigan School of Nursing 1). Nola developed the Health Promotion Model (HPM) that has become popular among health care providers, educators, and researchers. She has taught nursing...
Boff, R. D. M., Segalla, C. D., Feoli, A. M. P., Gustavo, A. D. S., & Oliveira, M. D. S. (2018). The transtheoretical model to assist lifestyle modification in adolescents with overweight and obesity. Trends in Psychology, 26, 1055-1067. Web. This source investigates whether the transtheoretical model (TTM) can be...
The coronavirus epidemic is driving the spread of the risk of COVID-19-related psychiatric illnesses, making the problem necessary to address. This assumption is confirmed by the data presented in the literature. The information presented in the reviewed literature emphasizes that the pandemic has a negative impact on the mental health...
Introduction Public health nurses (PHN) play an essential role in enhancing the health of communities and the overall population by delivering necessary interventions and preventive care. Moreover, they are responsible for promoting individuals’ access to vital healthcare services, advancing governmental health-strengthening strategies, and providing education. Healthy People 2030 (HP2030) is...
Introduction to the Problem Statement The intervention programs are influenced by research done in Texas, United States of America. The research which targeted the African American male community reveals a high vulnerability level among youth between the ages 18-24 years (CDC, 2019). According to a CDC report, new HIV infection...
Pressure ulcer is the skin and underlying tissue condition due to tedious pressure shear or friction on the precise body parts. Their formation can be due to impairment of sensation and movement, a medical condition altering blood flow, poor nutrition, and decline in reactive hyperemia. The condition can occur due...
Hypothesis and Purpose In the context of present-day developments, losing weight appears to be a relevant problem for a great number of people. A variety of approaches for achieving this aim exists, and pills are one of them (Singh, 2019). LossBottle pills are claimed to speed the metabolism and contribute...
Subjective Decrease of vision in the left eye; pain when moving it; inability to determine colors. Decrease started this morning and has worsened over the past few hours; the condition improves in a cooler environment. Past History No injuries in the past; no exposure to chemicals. The patient is a...
To fulfill the goals described and investigate the subject of ethnic and racial disparities in health care in connection to staff knowledge, it is imperative to secure a sufficient group sample. For this study, 120 participants with at least two-year practical background in a medical institution or health care services...
Impact of weight stigma on physiological and psychological health outcomes for overweight and obese adults: A systematic review The main objective of the conducted research is to identify the correlation between weight stigma and the physiological and psychological health of people with obesity. The study focuses not only on the...
Physical injuries to any region of the body bring the patient a great deal of pain and agony. Such catastrophes frequently necessitate significant lifestyle modifications in order for the affected person to recuperate quickly and avoid further harm. However, these alterations, notably extended bed rest, can lead to the formation...
Introduction Fertility is one of the principal indicators of population health, and this fact allows considering the proper functioning of the reproductive system as a crucial condition for one’s wellbeing. Consequently, any disruptions in this regard are alarming for healthcare specialists and require careful examination. This task is critical for...
Introduction Quality and safety are important in healthcare settings; the professionals ensure that they enhance quality and safety in service delivery. Failure to maintain care standards compromises the treatment the patients are offered and renders both healthcare workers and patients susceptible to diseases. Hospital-acquired infections are a significant problem arising...
First Author (Year) Conceptual Framework Design/ Method Major Variables Studies (and Their Definitions) Sample and Setting Measurement Data Analysis Findings Appraisal: Worth to Practice Luhr (2019) Epidemiological data has presented the increasing rates of sepsis incidences along with the reduction in mortality numbers. The meta-analysis was conducted to examine the...
Applicable Changes In general, the epidemiology of HAIs and SSIs has undergone significant changes in the United States and across the world. As a result, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) introduced the updated Guidelines dedicated to the prevention...
Recommendations Workshops for implementing state-of-art approaches. Establishment of monitoring and tracking processes. New rules to redesign healthcare processes. Pursuit of six major aims. Accessible scientific evidence for specialists. The workshops will help nurses address the common challenges while treating patients. With monitoring and tracking processes, they will have to report...
The latest tendencies in the sphere of health technologies evidence the crucial role of medical devices in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various illnesses (World Health Organization, 2011). The wide usage of a number of these technologies results in the increase of the level of requirements towards the quality...
Summary of the Article The article indicates that the Social Security Act, in section 1130, allowed the United States Department of Health and Human Services to pass projects meant for demonstrations regarding child welfare and foster care services. Such approvals were supposed to be given to titles IV-E and IV-B....
Type 2 diabetes is a disorder commonly caused by blood sugar imbalance in the body when insulin hormone becomes defective. It mainly results from lifestyle implications such as poor dieting and lack of exercise. As such the elderly are more affected due to increased insulin resistance and inactivity. Age-related changes...
Introduction The Healthcare system, governments and hospitals are obliged to provide care services for all people. However, amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been overstretch and the patient management system is overwhelmed in the distribution of the medical capital to ensure accessibility of services for everybody. Due to the limited...
Healthcare is a popular topic that is of constant interest to the American public, the US population, and the media. It is difficult to find another topic that can compete with it. Each state has developed its model of healthcare, the features of which are reflected in the system of...
Introduction In recent years the public interest towards physician-assisted suicide (PAS) has grown significantly. However, there is still no unity in opinions concerning the issue, neither among the general public nor between scholars and politicians. The arguments against PAS can be better summarized by two peer-reviewed articles. In the first...
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death in the United States. Mitchel et al. (2018) address the CVD problem among rural African Americans (AA). The study predicts that poor nutrition and inadequate physical activity are the leading causes of CVD. As such, it evaluates the effectiveness...
The journal ‘Specialized Nursing Practice for Chronic Disease Management in the Primary Care Setting’ by Health Quality Ontario (2013) is based on an evidence-based quasi-experimental study that involved obtaining and analyzing research evidence of the role played by specialized care nurses in the management of chronic disease and the outcomes...
The term risk implies the aspect of loss. Identification of risks is the primary role of the risk management team in organizations. Risk analysis entails determining the severity of loss from a specified risk, evaluating its chance of happening, and choosing the best alternative mitigation strategies (Cole, Chaudhary, & Bang,...
Abstract Investigation of pressure ulcers’ prevention and management Management remains a challenge due to barriers Socio-cultural and ethical aspects should be considered Efficient treatment plan should be patient-centered Data were sampled from a research database Historical and mathematical approaches are examined Introduction The management of pressure ulcers is challenging Emergency...
The Background Question Falls are a common problem among older adults, which leads to various adverse health outcomes and increases the cost of care. According to Smith et al. (2017), falls are the major cause of death from injuries in patients aged 64 and over and the main cause of...
First Author (Year) Conceptual Framework Design/ Method Major Variables Studies (and Their Definitions) Sample and Setting Measurement Data Analysis Findings Appraisal: Worth to Practice Armen (2016) There is a possibility to reduce sepsis mortality by providing evidence-based guidelines for early recognition and proper treatment. The objective is to create an...
Subjective Chief Complaint K. P. is delivered to the emergency room by her parents with the chief complaint – “fever and rash on her feet during the last four days.” History of Present Illness K. P. is a 6-year-old white female whose parents are concerned about her behavioral changes, skin...
Abstract Pressure ulcers are restricted skin or fundamental tissue harm resulted by long-term tension or shear. The most widely recognized portrayals are those that happen on the external layers of the coccyx, hips, elbows, lower legs, and knees. Approximately 2.5 million individuals in the United States experience the aftereffects of...
Subjective Data Jessica reports to the emergency department chiefly complaining of a sudden left eye visual declination. She also reports difficulties in differentiating colors. The 32-year-old math teacher stated that the problem started in the morning after she got from the bed. The situation has been deteriorating during the last...
Competent nursing might prove to be a complicated subject with a variety of aspects to consider. Like any other medical practice, it concerns a power imbalance between a specialist and a patient and involves dealing with sensitive and dangerous matters. Hence the principles of culturally competent nursing care essential to...
The research work is aimed to examine the influence of healthcare providers’ knowledge, behavior, and attitudes on the reduction of racial and ethnic disparities. The research work includes three independent variables and one dependent variable. A dependent variable is a number of healthcare disparities, while the independent variables are the...
Description of the Problem Pain management is the most widespread reason people resort to emergency departments. Opioids are drugs used in medicine to relieve severe pain and relax the body; however, they are sometimes the cause of overdose because their primary function is not correlated with medical goals. Due to...
Abstract African Americans use hospice services at far lower rates than other groups and are more likely to experience untreated pain at the end of their lives. The objective of the present systematic review was to synthesize the evidence of barriers to hospice care utilization that African Americans are experiencing....
Covid-19 pandemic has been linked to many negative impacts such as isolation and job losses, loneliness, and poor mental health outcome. Due to the stresses of Corona virus pandemic, many teenagers have experienced feelings of isolation and depression. This research therefore seeks to explore the effects of Covid-19 pandemic on...
Introduction Molina Healthcare is a company that provides managed health care services under Medicare and Medicaid. The company’s purpose is to deliver high-quality care to those people who receive government assistance. Nowadays, healthcare systems encounter different problems related to members’ outcomes and patients’ health status, and they should develop quality...
22-year old obese female In this task, a 22-year-old girl with an irregular menstrual cycle and overweight is trying to get pregnant and has been unsuccessful for 18 months. Questions to ask: Have you been seen by another doctor? What is your medical history? You have irregular menses, what is...
Obesity is a disease that many people are struggling with, especially those with diabetes. For patients who have comorbidities and obesity-associated risk factors such as diabetes, weight loss is the pathway to their health improvement. Approved medications for weight loss can help them in managing their weight as well as...
A transformational leader is a leader who does not just manage, but helps a team or company change, grow, and develop. Such a person subtly feels any changes in business, country, culture, and nature and can predict the origin, growth, and dying of any processes (Cherry, 2020). For a healthcare...
The first research on Alzheimer’s disease began as soon as it was discovered and identified by Alois Alzheimer at the beginning of the 1900s. Initially, for several decades, the disease was characterized as pre-senile dementia which was differentiated from that of the older population. Eventually, the two conditions became unified...
Before the introduction to radiopaque contrast media (ROCM), patients’ health and medical history should be evaluated. The first method to assess the patient’s health is a questionnaire about chronic diseases, allergies, intolerance to iodine, renal dysfunction, current health condition, and other questions that may help to prevent any complications (Jensen...
Introduction Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is currently defined as a paramount issue across the globe that immeasurably affects not only the sphere of health care but the majority of industries related to human activities. This severe acute respiratory syndrome was initially identified in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019, and...
This project, which was also a quality improvement effort, was devoted to the topic of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), as well as their prevention and rate reduction. The general aim was to decrease the likelihood of developing CAUTIs among the residents of a long-term care facility, as well as...
Introduction Madeleine Leininger, a researcher, theorist, certified transcultural Nurse, and author of twenty-seven books, was born in Sutton in July 1925. She experienced cultural surprise in the 1950s while working with home-based child guidance when she observed some forms of behavioral recurrence in children with cultural foundations. She observed and...
Prescription of pain medication is a serious matter that health professionals should approach with caution. Considering the epidemic with misuse of opioids that leads to addiction in the United States, each patient who presents pain symptoms should be assessed carefully to determine if they need pain medication that is potentially...
The PICOT question states: “In nursing, nursing experts that encounter a substantial burden (P) are using techniques to minimize emotional stress and controlling time methodologies (I) compared to giving the profession of theirs (C), a greater choice to boost the individual ‘s well being (O).” The two articles emphasize the...
Introduction Health promotion is a strategy adopted by relevant agencies to make a community free of diseases. This paper will attempt to explicitly carry out an integrated health promotion plan for the family of Roselly Pereira. The purpose of this paper is to identify two health promotion and disease prevention...
Hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs) are a significant problem in the healthcare industry. That is why it is not surprising that many scholars focus on the issue and conduct numerous studies to investigate it. The article by Lindhardt et al. (2020) is among them, and the authors aimed to identify the...
Despite the amount of existing research devoted to localized pressure injuries developing in inpatient settings, this problem still gathers research groups’ attention. In their study, Rondinelli et al. (2018) explore the cases of hospitalized patients in California with reference to the incidence of hospital-acquired pressure injuries (HAPIs). The text of...
The necessity of the creation of an efficient assessment tool to investigate a certain sphere of human activity aiming at its improvement is proved by a number of researches. The implementation of the given analysis tool results in the initiation of the process of change which gives rise to many...
The article ‘Identification of Nursing Assessment Models/Tools validated in Clinical Practice for use with diverse Ethno-cultural Groups: An Integrative Review of the Literature’ by Higginbottom, Richter, Mogale, and Ortiz, Young, and Mollel (2011) is a non-experimental and correlative study. It involves the process of retrieval of qualitative data from the...
Background on the Problem In 2018, the World Health Organization (WHO) highlighted the growing incidences of healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) contracted by patients while receiving medical assistance from hospitals and other healthcare facilities. These incidences became quite alarming because instead of patients getting treatment and medical care from these institutions, they...
Introduction In the context of present-day developments, the topic of profession-related stress in nursing practice is widely discussed. It has become an evident fact that nurses are required to cope with significant pressure, which may result in burnout. This problem presents the topic of numerous explorations in the field of...
Kidneys and Hypertension The provided video discusses kidneys. It is mentioned that kidney damage can be caused by hypertension (“Don’t Die Young,” n.d.). In this paper, we would like to describe in more detail the mechanism in which high blood pressure can damage the kidneys. It is known that in...
The thesis of the work is the following: “the implementation of an appropriate pressure ulcer protocol may reduce the risk of getting these lesions within three days.” Amir, Y., Lohrmann, C., Halfens, R. J., & Schols, J. M. (2016). Pressure ulcers in four Indonesian hospitals: Prevalence, patient characteristics, ulcer characteristics,...
Addressing inequality in the health status of minority population groups and other categories of citizens in the United States is one of the most complicated tasks for present-day researchers and policymakers. This sphere’s problems vary from susceptibility to particular conditions to the circumstances explaining their struggles in accessing high-quality medical...
Before formulating a task or problem, generalized information about the patient and the illness, including a set of symptoms, signs, test results, data on the history of the disease, and the patient’s life, needs to be accumulated. It is also necessary to determine the patient’s capabilities and collect other information...
PICOT Question For women with diabetes (P), does the use of low-dose aspirin on a daily basis (I) reduce the risk of cardiovascular events (O) within several years (T) in comparison with no usage of low-dose aspirin (C)? Article 1. Full reference for article (APA Format) Zheng, S. L., &...
One of the major themes surrounding the selected topic involves health education. Many people engage in various practices that steer their chances of developing different diseases. In this case, health education can help individuals learn about the dangers of smoking. The lack of adequate knowledge regarding tobacco smoking and its...
Article Citation and Permalink (APA format) Wong, H., Karaca, Z., & Gibson, T. B. (2018). A Quantitative Observational Study of Physician Influence on Hospital Costs. INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing, 55, 004695801880090. Web. Thornton, R. D., Nurse, N., Snavely, L., Hackett-Zahler, S., Frank, K., &...
Introduction This presentation will explore the PICOT question related to the potential improvements in the quality of life of a target population. The question calls for research on the best method of reducing fall-related injuries in adults 65 years old and older. The answer to this question is synthesized by...
Many patients that stay at the hospital have various skin conditions of different severity. It is essential to be aware of them and ensure that they are well-managed and do not create problems for the patient. Moreover, for patients with low mobility, such as those in long-term care, the risk...
Introduction In the present day, cerebral palsy (CP) may be regarded as the most frequently occurring motor disability among children. At the same time, considerable misunderstanding related to this chronic condition still exist, especially within communities all over the world. CP is a permanent, chronic, and incurable disorder, however, it...
Summary Benefits and Implications The selected community, Jordan town, is presently experiencing numerous social and health problems that could affect the experiences of many citizens. Some of the leading ones include poverty, challenges associated with diversity, diabetes, obesity, and environmental concerns. This report proposes a new health care system change,...
Introduction The quality improvement project dedicated to catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) prevention is almost complete. The data collection procedures have been performed, and the resulting data have been analyzed. With the data dissemination in progress, it makes sense to reflect on the project and its contribution to the development...
As Khloe Kardashian has said, “There is no such thing as perfect. Nobody attains perfection. But if you keep trying, you grow and evolve, and to me, that’s the point: To be a better person today than I was yesterday; to become the best possible version of myself.” In this...
Introduction The significance of Central Venous Catheters (CVC) in providing patients with an opportunity to receive the necessary nutrition after a complicated surgery can hardly be underrated (Stanley, Veith, & Wakefield, 2014). However, traditionally, the PICC tools are preferred to the rest of the options. However, studies show that PICC...
Transformational leadership is one of the most potent and effective management styles, continually improving and altering the workplace. Such strategy initiates positive changes in the subordinates, focused on helping them achieve the milestones, and motivating them to develop professionally. Transformational leaders are evident to possess certain traits, such as intellectual...
Introduction The project, which was dedicated to the use of chlorhexidine washcloths with the aim of preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), has been completed. With only five patients, the conclusions that could be drawn from the data were limited. The number of staff members that were recruited was greater...
Athenahealth and NextGen Healthcare Products Description of Clinical Issue In the healthcare industry, medication errors and adverse drug events are serious problems. They cause harm to more than 1.5 million Americans each year and have severe implications for nurses (Da Silva & Krishnamurthy, 2016). By reducing human mistakes and connectivity...
Introduction Here, an analysis of the data collected for a Capstone project, which is dedicated to reducing catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs), will be presented. The project involves investigating the effectiveness of 2% chlorhexidine washcloths in preventing CAUTIs, and it uses a pre-test post-test design. The site’s nursing team was...
The odds ratio is a certain measure of the strength of association between an outcome and exposure of an event. It means that this concept represents the likelihood of an occurrence of a particular result of interest given a specific risk factor compared to the odds of the given outcome...
Diagnosis Condition is typically characterized by presence of blood clots They are situated in the lower part of the body, often the legs The clots lead the limb to swell noticeably The clot is in a deep vein, complicating detection Many of the symptoms are shared with other conditions Differential...
The rapidly changing composition of the population considerably affects the health care system. The universal approach, addressing in similar way patients of different ages, races, and cultures, has demonstrated its inadequacy. Thus, healthcare professionals need to consider these variables while making a treatment plan for different population groups’ representatives. In...
Cultural competence is an essential part of the professionalism of healthcare workers. The world constantly faces new challenges as the society in the majority of countries becomes more multinational because of globalization. In this case, nurses and doctors have to pay special attention to the origins of the patient in...
The article, ‘Behavioral interventions to promote condom use among women living with HIV,’ by Carvalho et al. (2011) aimed to establish effective behavioral interventions that guide healthy behavior among individuals with HIV. The study advocated for combined regimes where counseling was part. There are various perspectives from which the quality...
Due to multiple changes experienced during adolescence as the transitioning period from childhood to adulthood, teenagers are quite vulnerable to stress and the related mental health concerns that it may entail when unattended. Depression is one of those issues, having recently become a major concern in adolescent health management. According...
In these uncertain times of COVID-19, most global corporations have decided to telework. This has been found as one of the best practices in line with the “new norm,” which has been suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) among other significant bodies. Organizations with large employee populations have conformed...
Brief Description Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection signifies the commonest sexually transmitted infection across the globe. Its transmission could arise even when the infected person does not have any indications or symptoms. It exists in numerous varieties, and some have the capacity to result in medical concerns that include genital warts...
Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care Theory by Madeleine Leininger is one of the most well-known nursing theories, and, unlike some others, its influence these days seems to be no less than when it was first developed. The issues it addresses, such as diversity and the need for cultural sensitivity,...
Abstract Diabetes prevention requires a multifaceted approach taking into consideration all risk factors affecting the patient’s condition. The affected person needs both theoretical and physical support to modify her lifestyle, develop healthy habits, quit smoking, and monitor her blood tests results. The following project will list three helpful resources for...
Review the content The Health Grades report acknowledges the efforts everyone is putting in for the purpose of reducing the cost of healthcare. It argues that achieving this goal is only possible if complications and mortality rates reduce (Health Grades, 2014). According to them, having good healthcare insurance can influence...
Although there have already been numerous significant events that have occurred this year, it is very likely 2020 will be known as the “Year of COVID-19”. This disease has resulted in tremendous change to human activity and way of life in attempts to mitigate viral spread around the globe. It...
History of Haitian Cultural Group The natives of Haiti mainly comprised of Taino or Arawak Indians. The area was used as a slave route to Europe. The slaves who escaped mixed with the natives resulting into inter-tribal marriages. Such marriages resulted in the emergence of the Haiti cultural group. The...
The third part of people aging 65often falls, and it results in complicated traumas. The risk of falling increases among aged adults. For this reason, it is crucial to develop a strategy that could help to reduce the number of accidents resulting from falls. This particular research investigates how the...
A peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC) is one of the methods to provide intravenous access for a long period of time. Although PICC is considered to be one of the safest and most advanced ways to provide access to the central venous system for more than two weeks, the implementation...
Introduction Health services research is an important issue in the current healthcare environment. The high prevalence of chronic diseases, increasing medical costs, and high demand for acceptable health care present an urgent need for reshaping the health care systems across the world. These factors have a significant influence on population...
Reflection Promoting Evidence-Based Nursing: Journal Article Critique LaSala, Cynthia, Patricia Connors, Jill Taylor, Pedro, and Marion Phipps. “The Role of the Clinical Nurse Specialist in Promoting Evidence-Based Practice and Effecting Positive Patient Outcomes.” The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing 38.6 (2007): 262-70. Article Summary Study Rationale The research idea...
Summary Committee reports may have attractive headlines that can capture readers’ interests. However, they do not feature among the best-selling publications. The Institute of Medicine (IOM) reports informing the healthcare sector on quality improvement and patient safety. They seek to identify the major issues facing providers, practitioners, beneficiaries, and regulators...
Institute of Medicine (2001) emphasizes that current health care delivery system needs serious improvements, and one of the proposed directions of enhancing the quality of medical services is the introduction of the interdisciplinary approach to care for optimal patient outcomes. The ideas expressed by the Institute of Medicine correspond to...
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a significant function in allergic infections such as asthma. IgE is an antibody. It is also vital to mention that it is present in small amounts in the human body. It usually binds itself to allergens. As a result, it is in a position to agitate...
Introduction In the article Universal health care coverage in the United States: Is it “slip sliding away”? Doherty (2010) reviews a number of problems that America’s healthcare system faces today. In particular, the author has reviewed political and social factors and hurdles that make it difficult for the country to...
Introduction Change is one of the most important things that make originations operational. Researchers have developed a number of change theories that can be applied in different settings. These theories often have some concepts in common but they are also characterized by certain peculiarities. It is possible to compare Lewin’s...