Public health deals with preventing diseases, prolonging people’s lives, making organized efforts to promote health, and helping society make informed health decisions.
The field as a whole is enormous and comprises of various disciplines. Epidemiology, biostatistics, social sciences, and health services management are just a few. Public health is also a part of the global healthcare system.
We’ve gathered together a selection of essay examples to help you write your next public health assignment.
Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic emerged as a global health crisis affecting everyone, regardless of age or socioeconomic status. It has drastically affected societies, impacting everyday life due to precautionary measures implemented to curb it. Due to economic difficulties, many individuals struggled to sustain their lives during the lockdown, which required...
Prevalence Substance and opioid abuse are critical public health concerns in the US. Opioids are drugs commonly prescribed to alleviate pain; however, their misuse can lead to addiction, overdose, and death. According to Volkow and Blanco (2020), approximately 50,000 people in the US died from opioid-involved overdoses in 2019 alone....
Introduction In healthcare, great importance is paid to how the patient’s well-being is reflected in the effectiveness and outcomes of the treatment. This aspect includes not only the physical condition of the individual but also other factors that may be equally important. Among them may be psychological, sociological, and environmental...
Impact on Quality of Care The level of patient care is significantly impacted by diabetes mellitus. People with diabetes need to be monitored more frequently and need to change their diet and lifestyle. Serious consequences from poorly managed diabetes can include blindness, renal failure, heart disease, and amputations. Diabetes patients...
Introduction Modern healthcare is based on continuous improvement processes to address this system’s critical challenge, namely, to provide quality and affordable clinical services to patients. The healthcare system may turn to community profiling tools, the essence of which is to identify the characteristics of a particular region to provide more...
Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Prevention Levels Water Supply At the level of primary prevention in Haiti, it would have been useful to ensure a safe water supply. Water quality has suffered significantly after the earthquake, and nurses are the intermediaries between medicine and humanity, which obliges them to care for...
Introduction The current project focuses on the issue of disparities in access to resources that impact health outcomes, with financial resource availability limiting the access of certain groups to healthcare. Therefore, the health outcomes of underserved and low-income populations deteriorate due to exposure to health disparities. Considering the fact that...
Community Description Miami-Dade is one of the most highly populated counties in Florida. According to Data USA (2023), the county has a population of about 2.7 million people. The county has invested considerably in the education sector, with the majority of the people showing high literacy levels. The county has...
Introduction Africa is the second-largest continent in the world, with diverse cultures, resources, and history. According to Saleh (2022), the African population is nearly 1.4 billion. Several population-wide health concerns have long afflicted the continent. Over the past few decades, Africa has experienced several epidemics, including HIV/AIDS, Ebola, malaria, and...
Abstract An exploratory study design was used in this project to understand better the potential effects of alcohol on eye nerves and how contact with young people admitted to the Accident and Emergency Department (A&E) with higher alcohol intakes can be used to educate them on the potential harms of...
HIV HIV is widespread in nearly every nation and impacts populations. The complacency of persons living in reasonably stable places with HIV infection is especially hazardous since the illness remains unnoticed for too long. By the time individuals start dying in large numbers, the infection has already been established in...
Models of Chaplaincy In the present day, chaplaincy may be regarded as a new discipline in health care that focuses on people’s spirituality and emotional well-being. At the same time, as healthcare delivery should be evidence-based to be safe and efficient, spiritual care should be scientifically and practically reliable (Cadge...
Blood donations are a rather life-saving and impactful procedure nowadays. They are used for helping people who experienced accident injuries, cancer or anemia. Unfortunately, there are some severe issues, such as insufficient blood supply during the pandemic, motivation problems of first-time and repeat blood donors and appropriate recommendations. The information...
The webinar How Nations Respond discusses the responses of nations to COVID-19 crisis and it provides many insights as to how important the culture and the environment are when it comes to addressing and solving health crises. The focus of the webinar is on Asian countries such as Japan, South...
Brownsville, a city in the Rio Grande Valley, Texas, faces the problem of an increasing prevalence of HIV. Despite the 5% decrease in confirmed HIV diagnoses in the U.S. from 2011 to 2015, diagnoses among Latino racial minorities are actually on the rise: 7% to 13,4% (VICE 02:27–02:32). The Latino...
A legislative policy known as surprise medical billing enables healthcare providers to bill patients for services not previously disclosed or anticipated, especially when out of their network. The negative impact of this policy on patient care and healthcare and the financial burden it places on patients has been criticized. The...
Introduction: An Overview Telehealth is a term used to describe innovations in healthcare technology carried out using telecommunications devices. Remote technologies allow practitioners to provide medical services and patients to receive these services. Telehealth can provide basic care for many pathologies, making medical services more accessible for those patients who...
Maryland Prince George’s County’s Community Health Nursing Diagnostic Statement The frequency of obesity in Maryland’s Prince George’s County will be addressed in the paper. Residents of Prince George’s County, Maryland, are among the group that has been impacted. This county has a varied populace and is one of the most...
Introduction The Nazi regime’s use of shock therapy, punitive medicine, and gas chambers as instruments of control and eradication exemplifies the concept of biopower, or biopolitics. These terms are defined as the state’s desire to manipulate medical science to achieve its own political or personal ambitions. By examining the various...
Sam Water and Brittany Maynard were two people whose terminal illnesses and decisions regarding their end-of-life care garnered news. Sam Water, a British actor and director, is well-known for his work in “Lawrence of Arabia” and “The Lion in Winter,” among other movies. He received a prostate cancer diagnosis in...
Introduction Depressive disorder is a significant public health concern on a global scale due to its high prevalence level and adverse effects on people’s physical health and social well-being. In the general population, depression is considered a common mood disorder that might lead to adverse outcomes, including suicide. For pregnant...
Aphasia is a disorder characterized by an acquired impairment in understanding and reproducing speech. Aphasia often develops following a stroke: stroke affects the blood supply to the left hemisphere, and subcortical structures experience prolonged hypoxia (Wang & Wiley, 2020). The capsule and caudate nucleus of the basal ganglia dominate the...
Interprofessional collaboration is essential to the workflow in any field, including healthcare. The interaction between nurses and doctors benefits both patients and healthcare providers. The collaboration includes “regular negotiation and interaction between professionals, valuing the expertise and contributions that various disciplines bring to patientcare” (Vatn & Dahl, 2022, p. 186)....
Introduction Mr. C. is a 32-year-old single male who is obese and looking for information on bariatric surgery. During the previous six months, he has complained of shortness of breath, swollen ankles, and pruritus, among other symptoms. According to the objective data, the patient has high blood pressure, high glucose,...
Introduction The purpose of the Scotland Infection Prevention and Control Education Program (SIPCEP) is to establish a pre-determined pathway of infection prevention and control through both education and practice. It is intended to enable healthcare staff and students who strive to become professionals in the healthcare field to improve their...
Alinejhad, M., Aghlmand, S., Feizollahzadeh, S., & Yusefzadeh, H. (2019). The economic efficiency of clinical laboratories in public hospitals: A case study in Iran. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 34(2), e23067. Web. Alinejhad et al. (2019) carry out a cross-sectional study of 22 medical laboratories investigating their economic efficiency. In...
Introduction The central role of Saudi Arabia’s health care policy, as devised by the Ministry of Health (MoH), is to promote quality and accessible health services. In the current healthcare structure, public and private facilities have equal roles in providing medical services, unlike in the past decade, when private institutions...
Introduction The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as a state of complete mental, physical, and social well-being. The WHO believes that everyone, including the vulnerable population, should receive healthcare services equally without financial impediments or any other form of discrimination. The existence of illegal immigrants in many countries raises...
Many health problems exist because of lifestyle or health habits that increase the risk of chronic disease and death. For example, people continue to use tobacco despite being known to cause cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, chronic airway obstruction, heart disease, premature birth, stillbirth, and infant death. Smokeless tobacco usages such as...
Introduction Access to healthcare is a basic human right that should be available to all individuals, irrespective of socioeconomic status, race, ethnicity, or religion. Social determinants of health (SDOH) play a vital role in shaping individual and family health outcomes. SDOH are defined as the conditions in which people are...
Health care is one of the most critical areas supporting the civil sector. It includes many aspects that ensure the well-being of the population. However, different types of this system may show efficiency or stagnation in areas such as the cost of care, access and quality. Many countries are developing...
Introduction Smoking is a leading cause of preventable death and disease worldwide, causing millions of early deaths annually. Moreover, the adverse health effects of smoking range from acute to chronic conditions, including various types of cancer, respiratory problems, and heart disease. However, nicotine, the primary active ingredient in cigarettes, is...
A preliminary care coordination plan integrates many healthcare tactics to guarantee that a patient obtains the highest caliber of treatment. Providing a coordinating structure that gives patients and their families control over the process is essential for the most outstanding results. Creating a comprehensive care plan addressing patients’ significant issues...
The Centers for Disease Control and Protection (CDC) is a federal organization in charge of organizing and assisting in promoting health, preparation, and prevention initiatives in America. The agency’s objectives concentrate on enhancing the general public well-being of United States residents domestically and internationally. The institution was founded in 1946,...
Introduction The presentation addressed the following items: Policy and ethical matters in care coordination forms the core of discussion. Ethical principles and how they affect provision of care to homeless shelters. The impacts of various government policies and how they influence care provision. The paper proceeds to assess the topic...
Introduction The incidences of mental problems in the US are almost similar among the general population. Both minority populations and whites suffer similar mental illness problems, but there exist disparities between African Americans regarding health care services and access. Minority groups receive a substandard quality of care because access to...
Healthcare access is a critical issue affecting individuals’ and communities’ health and well-being worldwide. Unfortunately, many people, particularly those living in low-income and rural areas, do not have access to essential medical services, which can result in poorer health outcomes and higher healthcare costs. The lack of access to healthcare...
Health and medicine may be regarded as highly critical aspects of every human’s life in the contemporary world as a persons physical, mental, and social well-being is of great importance. Doctors and other medical professionals help people by diagnosing and treating their health problems. At the same time, they face...
Introduction Most people know that specific factors may significantly increase or decrease the risk of various illnesses. At the same time, not everyone considers that health conditions can be divided into infectious and non-infectious, and these two groups, in some cases, require varied prevention measures. In order to be mentally...
Introduction Heart illness encompasses various cardiovascular diseases, a major cause of mortality. Unfortunately, men are more aware of cardiovascular diseases than women, making them the most vulnerable population. Heart health status can deteriorate due to misinformation and lack of education. Tailored education for women is necessary to encourage better practices...
Bicycles have always been a convenient mode of transportation used not only to get a person from A to point B but also to be a source of entertainment while doing it. Therefore, being safe while riding and knowing how to avoid dangerous situations while on the bike are crucial...
Introduction Health promotion refers to allowing individuals to exercise control over their health to improve it. Most governments have prioritized this concept in the community to ensure universal medical care. Medical Insurance schemes have been utilized in addition to offering affordable services and medication. In this context, the term community...
The quality and cost of healthcare in the United States are constantly pressing issues. Many do not have quick access to medical care, and their obstacles are not theirs. Due to high insurance costs, inadequate transportation systems, and problems with access to records, potential patients often face insurmountable challenges to...
Identifying Clinical Question In older adults (patient population), how does falls prevention exercises (intervention) compared with environmental modification (comparison) affect falls (outcome) after one months of treatment (time frame)? Describing Clinical Problem Falls in older adults is a clinical problem because the most common cause of traumatic injuries in older...
Introduction Today, society is obsessed with creating the best healthcare and social services and underlining equality, equity, and quality worth. In addition to national and state requirements and standards, healthcare providers and social workers need to pay much attention to each community and its major characteristics. Thus, community profiling turns...
There are many methods for testing theoretical aspects or information in healthcare. Testing data is essential as it promotes evidence-based care and improves medical practices. Confidence intervals are applied to estimate the accuracy of a point estimate, typically considering the rate of death or the frequency of reporting a particular...
Introduction Indigenous peoples frequently have difficulty accessing appropriate primary healthcare services supplied by mainstream institutions. It can be challenging to ensure that indigenous peoples have access to health care since they frequently face additional challenges, such as ignoring their experiences with discrimination and racism. The indigenous community has significant opportunities...
Introduction Being overweight in children and adolescents is a problem that has become particularly important in the 21st century for most developed countries and, more recently, for some developing countries. More than 25 percent of children in Austria, Chile, Great Britain, and the United States are overweight. This figure is...
Introduction Health promotion is the process of enabling individuals to increase control over and improve their health. It is a positive concept stressing the prevention of disease and the enhancement of health. There are many different approaches to health promotion, but they all share the same goal: to improve the...
In previous years, identity theft was mainly associated with financial transactions. However, over the last decade, fraud takes place in the medical care setting (Gordon et al., 2017). Identity theft in health care involves someone using another individual’s name or insurance details to obtain medical care. The fraud can also...
Since its inception, Henry Booth House (HBH) has provided holistic, integrated child development and family services. It is a 501(c)(3) non-profit social service agency created by the Chicago Ethical Humanist Society in 1899 (Henry Booth House, 2021). The organization has a 122-year social services legacy of providing early childhood learning...
Introduction It is important to note that electronic health records (EHRs) open a wide range of opportunities to improve patient care, enhance healthcare performance, stimulate clinical research, and facilitate clinical practice. However, despite EHR’s core advantages, there are additional concerns in regard to the security and safety of patient data,...
Countries around the globe have been experiencing a period of continuous technological innovation since the beginning of the millennium. This advancement has increased the time people spend staring at digital devices such as mobile phones (Maurya et al.). With billions of users in modern societies today, the cell phone provides...
Introduction Mental health conditions are a growing public health concern especially in developing nations because of limitations such as financial setbacks, poor education, and limited access to high-quality services. However, marginalized groups in industrialized nations face significant challenges in managing mental health issues due to inequality and discrimination in resource...
Introduction Diabetes is a global health problem that affects more people every day, but some populations are at higher risk than others. In the United States, almost 10% of the population has diabetes, and 95% of them have type 2 diabetes which is developed due to a combination of external...
Introduction Big Data, as well as Computational Intelligence, may be used to create innovative applications with value for both science and business. Through the use of sophisticated Big Data analytics algorithms and individual and population-based profiling, personalized health services may provide patients and physicians with optimal health information and recommendations....
It is important to note that healthcare process improvement can be achieved through a multitude of measures. One of such approaches includes staff training and competency since the healthcare services are primarily delivered by medical professionals. Thus, increasing their competence through extensive training can prove to be highly effective in...
Special attention has been paid to a healthy work-life balance in the last few years. The coronavirus pandemic has disrupted many people’s work patterns, bringing never-before-seen changes with flexible schedules and remote work. At the same time, healthcare professionals had to work for a long time under increased stress and...
The overall quality of services in the healthcare industry is provided by many specialists, including clinicians and nurses. However, health care administrators also play a significant part in maintaining and improving health care quality: they are concerned with all aspects of their facility or system. According to Kisekka and Giboney...
Introduction The health of communities must be addressed in a well-planned manner considering the long-term effects of policies and barriers that obstruct their implementation. Leading Health Indicators (LHIs) are a subset of the Healthy People 2030 goals that were chosen to spur action for bettering health and wellbeing (“Health People...
Introduction Healthcare practitioners utilize interventions to promote the well-being of populations. Over the last thirty years, researchers have discovered that funding population health initiatives may save lives and decrease health disparities in many circumstances (Astell-Burt et al., 2018). Through national policy, regulatory measures, single strategy undertakings, and multi-component programs that...
To help with service improvement, discrepancies in healthcare must be addressed. The rising number of homeless minorities with mental health concerns is one of the major problems (Wongkoblap et al., 2017). The situation needs to be thoroughly discussed to find solutions because it has grown to be a worldwide issue....
Summary The World Health Organization’s Building Block Framework was established in 2007 by the World Health Organization (WHO) to strengthen health systems worldwide. The framework constitutes what it entails to have a health system so that it can strengthen it. There are six building blocks: service delivery, health workforce, medical...
Introduction American Hispanics are more likely than Whites to feel pain more intensely. On surveys or polls, Hispanic Americans do, however, report fewer pain ailments, such as osteoarthritis and back discomfort. Although Hispanic Americans are the speediest increasing ethnic minority in the country, considerably less is documented about their experiences...
Introduction Medicine, as a field that affects the most important interests of every person’s life and health, cannot exist without conflicts. In defending these interests, even against an imagined threat, a person can easily cross reasonable boundaries. Moreover, communicating with a patient involves conveying critical information that promotes his early...
Introduction The vulnerable population is a collective term given to persons with limited healthcare coverage. These individuals receive poor-quality services and have less than favorable care outcomes. Members of vulnerable populations are frequently the product of systemic injustices based on ethnicity, racial segregation, mental disorders, gender orientation, or physical illnesses....
General Purpose: To inform. Specific Purpose: This informative speech aims to help the audience understand the hardships, barriers, and struggles that poor citizens and low-income communities in the United States (US) face when trying to get prosthetic services and, consequently, acknowledge the need for expanding these. Attention getter: Many of...
The quality of healthcare and safety in the United States varies depending on the location of hospital. In general, healthcare quality depends on good medical attention. It means that efficiency, safety, and quick response are part and parcel of healthcare quality. At the same time, patient safety refers to preventing...
Outline for Informative Speech Speech Topic: The need to expand access to prostheses for low-income communities and poor individuals in the United States (US). General Purpose Statement: To inform. Specific Purpose Statement: To provide insights into the barriers that poor citizens and low-income communities in the United States (US) face...
Evidence-based practice is a nursing approach that helps patients receive better health care. The approach uses problem-solving and well-researched clinical expertise in planning patient treatment (Melnyk, 2020). It is a unique method in how patients are involved, and nurses must consider every patient’s preference. Medical professionals and nurses can establish...
Introduction Alarming yearly societal developments impact individuals, families, communities, towns, and nations. To cope with the stress of social change, many teenagers turn to substance abuse. Substance misuse is a significant problem among adolescents at a time when they should be focusing on school and other positive activities for their...
One of the critical aspects of medical practice and the medicinal process is the ability to analyze lab tests and derive diagnostic conclusions. The relationship between levels of CD4 lymphocytes and the likelihood of clinical complications from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is positive. It is stated that “the CD4 count...
The United States and Japan vary remarkably in terms of two health indicators: life expectancy and infant mortality. America’s Health Rankings (2019) reports that, in the U.S., 5.8 infants die per 1,000 live births and people live an average of 78.6 years. In Japan, infant mortality is1.9 children die per...
COVID-19 changed every area of people’s ordinary life across the world, including education, art, sports, and the way they work and receive healthcare services. For a long period of time, medical workers and nurses had to cope with severe burnout, overworking, and danger associated with COVID-19 infection. However, this drastic...
Seasonal and migrant farmworkers assisting in crescent, peach, and apple agricultural work in West Virginia face various health issues. The occupational hazards, in this case, are associated with high instances of respiratory conditions following exposure to chemicals on the farm and mental health concerns from pressure in the workplace. Kelly...
Introduction Racial disparities in medical insurance, chronic illnesses, mental well-being, and mortality are severe and ongoing in the United States. These differences are not the consequence of individual or social conduct but rather of years of institutionalized inequality in the American economy and healthcare system. Numerous confirmed instances and fatalities...
The Source’s Purpose Robert Jay Lifton offers an account of his experiences conducting systematic interviews with Hiroshima bombing survivors or hibakusha in the early 1960s and his reflections. The work is reminiscent of a descriptive scientific essay with the elements of external research rather than a research article with a...
Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S., & Wessely, S. (2020). Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic. BMJ, 368, 1-4. This article examines the main challenges faced by healthcare professionals in times of COVID-19 and offers strategies for managers to address them. Greenberg et al. (2020)...
Introduction Saudi Arabia is the Arabian Peninsula’s largest nation and is responsible for the well-being of a high number of citizens and residents. Saudi Arabia’s healthcare system took vital steps to address the COVID-19 pandemic. The Minister of health chaired a national emergency response committee that actively monitored trends both...
Medicare and Medicaid programs prove that American citizens have access to government-sponsored insurance to protect their health and use appropriate care services. There are many vulnerable populations in the country, and such programs aim at analyzing their needs. Medicare program contains three major elements like hospital insurance to cover inpatient...
Mental health is a crucial aspect of an individual’s well-being, which is why seeking the ways of maintaining it and supporting those at risk is an indispensable aspect of present-day care. However, a range of vulnerable groups living below or close to the poverty line have a very limited range...
A country’s healthcare sector is crucial for economic and social development since it promotes human well-being. The public and private sectors play a significant role in ensuring required resources are available for effective medical care. The government is involved in formulating policies that enhance quality healthcare. The private sector is...
Health systems are facing high demand, but they have a limited budget to provide the necessary support. However, a fundamental aim of a health system is to determine the best use of the available resources to enhance the health of individuals. The underlying principle of this objective is maximizing the...
Australia and the US have developed healthcare systems, allowing their citizens to enjoy high standards of care. However, the Australian and US healthcare systems differ in the models used to finance medical services and the costs of healthcare. Australia has a national insurance benefits scheme that caters to the needs...
The development of medical interventions for different health-related issues is vital in the context of the health of the nation. To achieve effective solutions, it is necessary to consider the issue from different points of view. The most effective option is the PICOT model since one has the opportunity to...
The social factors determine people’s opportunities at the organizational level, including in the healthcare system. Due to the structural upstream opportunities and background of particular groups of people in the US, they experience health inequalities. Geographic and social minorities, disadvantaged people experience persistent health disparities: limited access to urgent care,...
Healthy Lifestyle In modern society, there is an urgent social problem associated with a low level of health, which requires a detailed analysis of its condition, the search for and implementation of new approaches to the formation of value orientations of people regarding their own health and issues of its...
Introduction Nature has never played a more important role in art in any other cultural practice than in China. It seemed interesting to me that they not only painted rain clouds that watered the landowners’ crops but also hid medicinal plants, magical delicacies, and alchemical elements that bring hope for...
The advent and wide dissemination of the Internet in private use have made many activities much more accessible than before, including distance education, telehealth, and web-based information resources. These changes have affected the quality of and access to healthcare services to a large extent. The most profound impact is felt...
Introduction Health systems in each country are designed to meet their population’s health needs through medical services. Citizens’ health has the most significant impact on their well-being and quality of life. However, the features of some systems do not make it possible to receive the necessary services to the entire...
Access to quality health services is an integral part of people’s lives. Both young and older adults need to know that they and their children can receive proper medical care any time they need it. Unfortunately, despite the great significance of healthcare, this field is not fully developed in the...
Defining Evidence-Based Practice In recent years, the use of evidence-based practice has become increasingly revered as a vital and necessary part of medical care. Both individual practitioners and organizations are adopting models of healthcare delivery based on this principle, as well as coaching their staff in order to adopt it....
Agenda and Outcomes Safe medication administration is a crucial aspect of providing care to patients. An error can adversely impact patients’ health and well-being, with over 1.3 million people in the United States alone suffering from the wrong medication or dosage being administered (Nkurunziza et al., 2018). Therefore, ensuring all...
Orlando Health was founded on the heels of World War 1 in 1918, during the onset of the Spanish flu epidemic. The organization was initially called Orange general hospital and was supported financially by community members and a dedicated group of doctors. Currently, the company has grown to be Florida’s...
Introduction The signing of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) greatly impacted the entire healthcare system in the United States. To understand its significance, it is necessary to study in more detail the key points of this bill. It is associated with the Medicaid program, originally designed to help low-income families...
Radiographers are primarily in charge of operating X-ray machines to generate high-quality diagnostic images that assist in evaluating numerous patient conditions. Some imaging specialties available are ultrasound imaging, MRI, cancer screening, ray, and vasculature interventional radiography. While job titles vary greatly by position, a significant portion of a radiographer’s work...
The healthcare system in the United States continues to face a challenge in the form of diversity and inclusion in its provided services. Native Americans have experienced numerous adverse health effects from discriminatory practices and now represent a significant portion of the population susceptible to mental and physical disorders (Martin,...
The demand for quality and effective healthcare continues to grow in the presence of technological advancements coupled with population growth. With the growing health challenges, patients and the community must work alongside providers, which includes shared decision-making, integrated and individualized care, plus self-management support. However, research hints at patient safety...
Introduction The most common preventable cause of death in the world is tobacco use. Most often, people start smoking at school age, and then this habit can remain for life. 5.6 million Americans younger than 18 may die early from a smoking-related illness if smoking continues at the current rate...
Nursing theory is not unified, and its manifestations in various fields of nursing are varied. However, the central concepts, which are metapragmatic, retain their general notions in all nursing fields. These concepts include patient, health, nursing, and environment. They are present in public health nursing as well as in other...