Discussion of Treatment Fluoroquinolones Aspects

📄 Words:	574
📝 Subject:	Healthcare Research
📑 Pages:	3
📚 Topics:	Antibiotic

Antimicrobial Chart

Drug Class	Bacteria-	Method of Action ½ life–dosing interval Peak levels	Side Effects	Excretion	Bacterial Spectrum	(name bacteria effective against)
Drug Class	static / cidal	Method of Action ½ life–dosing interval Peak levels	Side Effects	(renal, hepatic)	+ / –
Penicillins	Bactericidal	Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Dosing interval: every 6 hours	Mild nausea, headache, diarrhoea.	Renal	Gram-positive	Gram-positive cocci, rods, anaerobes
Cephalosporins	Bactericidal	Inhibition of enzymes in the cell wall Dosing interval: every 12 hours	Nausea, stomach ache, diarrhoea, itching	Renal	Gram-positive and gram-negative	Most effective against gram-positive bacteria (cocci). Somewhat effective against gram-negative ones (colli, aerogenes).
Monobactams	Bactericidal	Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Dosing interval: every 6-8 hours	Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea.	Renal	Gram-negative	Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Carbapenims	Bactericidal	Inhibition of cell wall synthesis Dosing interval: every 6 hours	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, injection site reaction.	Renal	Gram-negative	Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii
Fluoroquinolones	Bactericidal	Inhibition of the enzymes involved in the DNA synthesis Dosing interval: every 12 hours	Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dizziness, insomnia.	Renal	Gram-negative	Haemophilus influenza. Moraxella catarrhalis. Mycoplasma species
Macrolides	Bacteriostatic	Binding the bacterial ribosomal subunit Dosing interval: once per day	Nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhoea.	Hepatic	Gram-positive	Bordetella pertussis, Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Legionella
Aminoglycosides	Bacteriostatic	Binding to the ribosomal decoding site and reducing the fidelity of protein synthesis	Kidney injury, vestibular toxicity	Renal	Broad spectrum	Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae
Tetracycline	Bacteriostatic	Inhibition of the bacterial ribosomal subunit	Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea.	Renal	Broad spectrum	chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, protozoan parasites
Glycyclines	Bacteriostatic	Inhibition of the bacterial ribosomal subunit	Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea.	Renal	Broad spectrum	chlamydiae, mycoplasmas, rickettsiae, protozoan parasites
Sulfamethoxazole/ trimethoprim	Bacteriostatic	Inhibition of the dihydropteroate synthase	Nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, diarrhea.	Renal	Broad spectrum	Streptococcus pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Haemophilus influenza (Bonev & Brown, 2019)

Fluoroquinolones represent of the antibacterial medication types used in the contemporary treatment procedures. More specifically, such antibiotics comprise ciprofloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and ofloxacin. As per their pharmacokinetic mechanism, fluoroquinolones serve to inhibit two enzymes that play a central role in the synthesis of the bacterial DNA. These are the DNA topoisomerases lacking by the human cells, making fluoroquinolones specific bactericidal agents. Another advantage of this particular antibiotic types consists of its oral bioavailability and large distribution volumes. In addition, the use of fluoroquinolones addresses a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial conditions, making a rather comprehensive instrument of treatment. More specifically, the use of such medications eradicates the presence of Haemophilus influenza. Moraxella catarrhalis. Mycoplasma species, and other dangerous bacteria. As such, fluoroquinolones have attained a considerable level of use throughout the system and in a variety of cases.

On the other hand, the use of fluoroquinolones is associated with certain risks for the patient. The range of side effects varies from nausea and dizziness to tendinopathy and neuropathy. In addition, the widespread of this antibiotic type has created a large number of bacteria resistant to its effect. Thus, at present, fluoroquinolones are reserved for more serious conditions, in which the options are limited. In this scenario, the medication is administered either orally or parenterally, shortly becoming distributed in the extracellular and intracellular fluids of the body. The highest concentration of the agents is attained in prostate, bile, and lungs. Next, the agent inhibits the bacterial DNA replication through the two key enzyme inhibitions. For patients with the normal kidney function, the half-life of the antibiotic remains approximately four hours (Ezelarab et al., 2018). After the effective period, fluoroquinolones are metabolized in the patient’s liver and excreted really with urine.

References

Bonev, B. B. (2019). Bacterial resistance to antibiotics: From molecules to man. Wiley.

Ezelarab, H. A. A., Abbas, S. H., Hassan, H. A., & Abuo-Rahma, G. E. D. A. (2018). Recent updates of fluoroquinolones as antibacterial agents. ArchPharm: Chemistry in Life Sciences, 351(9).

Antimicrobial Chart

References

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